Radwan, F., Gomaa, M., El- Kady, F., Gerges, N. (2015). Response of Some Physiological, Yield Characters and Seed Quality of Sunflower to Mineral, Organic and Biofertilizers. Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 20(1), 22-31. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2015.161140
Fathy Ibrahim Radwan; Mahmoud Gomaa; Fahmy AbdElAziz El- Kady; Nevein Latif Gerges. "Response of Some Physiological, Yield Characters and Seed Quality of Sunflower to Mineral, Organic and Biofertilizers". Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 20, 1, 2015, 22-31. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2015.161140
Radwan, F., Gomaa, M., El- Kady, F., Gerges, N. (2015). 'Response of Some Physiological, Yield Characters and Seed Quality of Sunflower to Mineral, Organic and Biofertilizers', Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 20(1), pp. 22-31. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2015.161140
Radwan, F., Gomaa, M., El- Kady, F., Gerges, N. Response of Some Physiological, Yield Characters and Seed Quality of Sunflower to Mineral, Organic and Biofertilizers. Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 2015; 20(1): 22-31. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2015.161140
Response of Some Physiological, Yield Characters and Seed Quality of Sunflower to Mineral, Organic and Biofertilizers
1Plant Production Dep., Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha) Alexandria University, Egypt.
2Agricultural Research Center, Sakha, Kafr El- Sheikh, Egypt.
Abstract
Two field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station. Agricultural Reseach Center, Kafr El- Sheikh, Egypt during the two growing seasons 2011 and 2012 to study the response of some physiological, yield characters and seed quality of sunflower "Helianthus annulus, L." C.V. Sakha 53 to mineral organic and biofertilizers. The applied experimental design was randomized complete blocks with four replications.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows, (1) The results showed significant differences due to applied 20 kg N/fed + 30 m3 compost on leaf area/plant, dry matter accumulation/plant at all sampling dates days to full flowering, head diameter, 100- seed weight, seed yield (g)/plant and seed yield (kg)/fed. The highest seed yield/fed viz (2091.29 and 1961.84 kg/fed were obtained by application of 20 kg N/fed + 30 m3 compost during both seasons (2) Application of 20 kg N/fed + 20 m3 compost + Cerealine was the best combination to obtain the highest values of plant height at harvest and head diameter compared with fertilized by 10 kg N/fed. However, oil% and oil yield was increased significantly because of application 20 kg N/fed + 30 m3 compost in both seasons. The present investigation suggests the need for more studies concerning the effect of mineral, organic and bioferlitization as well as applying NPK on sunflower plants under different environmental conditions using different types of soil especially newly reclaimed soil, to reach the optimum combination the achieve to best yield and quality of seed oil content.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus, L.) is one of the most important annual crops of the world grown for edible oil. It received considerable attention in Egypt due to its short growing season and it can be grown well under the low fertility soils in the newly reclaimed areas. So, sunflower could be one of the main suggested oil crops to solve edibled vegetable oil shortage in the country. Seeds contain 24- 49% oil and cake contains 25- 35% of protein (Henen, 2011).
Nutrition is essential for plant life and yield, therefore mineral fertilization is a common agronomic practice that leads to improve productivity. Mineral fertilization includes several elements, however, nitrogen and phosphorus are among the macro- elements that used on fertilization (Abou- Khadrah et al., 2002, Mohamed, 2003).
The organic manure is known to improve the properties of soil by increasing the limited moisture holding capacity. In addition, it can change the chemical properties of soil through lowering pH and extensively their beneficial effects are known for long time. Application of organic matter provide many essential nutrients needed by crop plants. The increase in crop yield due to using of animal manure have been imperative many times as resulted mainly from the nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium or the combination of the three elements (Awad, 2004, Aowad and Mohamed, 2009).
In addition, biofertilization is one of the most important factors used to product free from mineral fertilizer that cause environmental pollution and high rates of it lead to decrease in the potential activity of micro flora and the mobility of organic matters. Hence, the attention has been focused on the researches of bio- fertilization to safe attention for the chemical fertilizers (Namvar et al., 2012). Also, bio- fertilizers play vital role for increasing the number of microorganisms and accelerate certain microbial process in the rhizosphere of inoculated soil plants can change the available form of nutrients into plants (Abou- Khadrah et al., 2002; Bassal, 2003; El- Temssah, 2008).
Inoculation of Biofertilizers significantly affected plant height and total chlorophyll content. Biofertilizers also, significantly increased yield attributers viz. stem diameter, weight of seeds, filled seed/capitulum and 100- seed weight (g), as well as seed weight, biological yield and oil content. The combined inoculation of phosphate dissolving bacteria (PSB) + vesicular abuser mycoeehyizea (VAM) + Azotobacter recorded higher values of these Parameters as compared to PSB + Azotobacter and VAM + Azotobacter inculcation (Patra et al., 2013).
Therefore, the objective of this study is the evaluating the effect of mineral, organic and bio- nitrogen fertilizer treatment on some growth attributes yield and its component of sunflower crop.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two field Experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt during the two consecutive summer seasons, 2011and 2012. The applied experimental desing was randomized complete blocks with four replicates. The treatments were
10 kg N/fed.
20 kg N/fed.
30 kg N/fed.
10 kg N/fed + 20 m3 compost.
10 kg N/fed + 30 m3 compost.
10 kg N/fed + 20 m2 compost + Cerealine.
10 kg N/fed + 20 m3 compost + Rizobacterin.
20 kg N/fed + 20 m3 compost.
20 kg N/fed + 30 m3 compost.
10. 20 kg N/fed + 20 m3 compost + Cerealine.
11. 20 kg N/fed + 20 m3 compost + Rizobacterin.
Analyzis of chemical and physical properties of the experimental soil site (0 to 30 cm depth) is shown in Table (1) and were carried out according to the methods reported by Page et al. (1982).
Table (1): Physical and chemical properties of the experimental soil (average
of two seasons)
Sand
(%)
Silt
(%)
Clay
(%)
Soil texture
pH
EC
(dS/m)
CaCO3
(%)
Total N (%)
Available
P(mg/kg)
19.05
37.75
43.20
Clay
8.11
3.90
2.40
0.08
11.00
Table (2): Analysis of the applied organic manure (compost)
pH
EC
C/N
N%
P%
K%
Fe
mg/kg
Mn
mg/kg
Zn
mg/kg
7.5
2.90
1:12.06
1.58
1.49
1.78
4935
435
206
Organic manure (compost) at the two rates was added during soil preparation before planting in both seasons. Analysis of organic manure are presented in Table (2). Prior to sowing seed inoculation was carried out using the biofertilizer with (N2- fixing) i.e Cerealine and Rhizobacterine: An Inoculate for all crops containing of Azospuillum lipofeuim and Bacillus polymx produced by Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt. Inoculation was performed by mixing seeds with the 400g/fed Cerealine and Rhizobacterin rates using Arabic gum (Arabic gum 5%).
Nitrogen fertilizer was applied in the form of urea (46% N) at the rates of (10, 20 and 30 kg N/fed), after the thinning and before the first irrigation after planting. Phosphorus fertilizer was applied in the form of calcium super phosphate (15.5% P2O5) as treatments with land preparation.
Each plot consisted of 5 ridges 3m long and 60 cm apart with 30 cm space between plant. The size two rows were used for determing seed yield and its components.
The seed were sown in 7th and 3th of july of the two successive growing seasons 2011 and 2012. In the first and second seasons sunflower was preceded by wheat "Treticum aestivum, L.".
Hoeing was practiced before the first and second irrigation. The plant were thinned to secure one plant per hill after 10 days from planting other cultural practices for growing sunflower were conducted as recommended were, growth attributes agronomic characters, yield and its components oil% and oil yield/fed. were recorded from the two middle redges.
A- Growth characters
Five guarded plants, from each plot were taken at 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). The following data were recorded for each sample.
Leaf area (LA)/plant/(dm2)
Dry matter accumulation (g/plant)
Days to full flowering
Plant height at harvest (cm)
Stem diameter (cm)
Head dimater (cm)
B- Yield and yield components
At harvest two guarded plants were taken from the 2nd and 3rd ridges in each plots to determine the following parameters:
100- seed weight (g).
Seed yield (g/plant).
Seed yield (kg/fed).
D- Oil% and oil yield/fed
Oil percentage was determined using duplicat seed sample each of about two grains. Seed samples were dried in oven at 85 °C to 90°C for 24 hours. After weighting the seed samples were subjected to a constant pressure of 20000 pounds/square inch using a carve laboratory press which was described and used by A. O. A. C. (1980).
Approximately 70% of the oil in the seed was extracted. The crushed seeds were then placed in avail with solvent petroleum ether stopper and allowed to stand a dry at 33°C. Two changes of solvent were applied at 24 hours intervals. Then the seed residue was dried for one hour. Then oven dried for 24 hour at 85°C to 90°C and weighted. The loss in weight of seeds removed by pressing and solvent extraction and oil% was then calculated as follows. In sample was calculated and then content was determined as follows
Weight of oil
Oil %= × 100
Weight of seed
Oil yield (kg)/fed: was determined by multiplying seed yield (kg/fed) by seed percentage.
All data collected were subjected to standard statistical analysis according to Gomez and Gomez (1984) using the computer program (IRRISaT). The treatment were compared using. Duncan's multiple range test (L.S.D.).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A- Growth Characters:
The data of leaf area/plant and dry matter accumulation g/plant at the three sampling dates of sunflower as affected by bio- organic and mineral nitrogen are presented in Table (2).
The data indicated that a significant effect of all sampling dates in both seasons. The highest values of leaf area/plant and dry matter accumulation produced from 20 kg N/fed + 30 m3 compost in the two seasons. In addition effect on the dry matter/plant in the first simple for both seasons. Applying 10 kg N/fed, alone gave the lowest values for these characters. Also, the results revealed that nitrogen is necessary to more vegetative growth, hence the leaf area/plant and dry matter of sunflower continued to increase as the plant advanced in age until the last sampling data. These results may be due to the fact that nitrogen fertilizer is an essential element, which plays a prominent role in building newliving staff, increase in size of successive leaves which improved translocation of assimilates. The role of nitrogen fertilizer on structure of protein molecule, which necessary for biological activity and improvement of plant metabolism as well as growth of stem and leaves. In addition to compost intended to serve as soil amendment is applied in order to improve soil fertility (Namvar et al., 2010). Similar results were reported by Abou- Khadrah et al. (2002) and Aowas and Mohamed (2009).
Also, results presented in Table (3) show a significant response to bio- organic and mineral nitrogen fertilizer on (number of days to full flowering, plant height at harvest, stem and head diameter). Application of 20 kg N/fed + 20 m3 compost + Cerealine recorded the highest plant height and stem diameter, as well as application 20 kg N/fed + 30 m3 compost gave the highest values for days to full flowering and head diameter is in both seasons, while applying 10 kg N/fed, gave the lowest values of all the characters. Such increase in this characters due to apart of recommended mineral nitrogen + compost with biofertilizer synergistic effect on subsequent plant growth and cause bacterial development as Cerealine inoculants to gave biological N2- fixation, which improve plant growth and head diameter. Similar results were reported by Bassal (2003) and Dhanasekar and Dhandapani (2012).
B- Yield and its components:
Application of mixture of 20 kg N/fed + 30 m3 compost were significantly increased all these characters i.e. 100- seed weight, seed yield, g/plant and seed yield, kg/fed during both seasons in comparison with the 10 kg N/fed, Table (4). It could be concluded that the lowest values come from fertilization with 10 kg N/fed. These findings might be the attributed to more adsorption of nutrition with reflect more growth substance more cell division and enlargement more of tissues and organs and plant elongation. Also, the nitrogen and compost may be increase the synthesis of endogenous photohormones which plays in formation of a big active root system allow more nutrients uptake. The previous results agree, more or less, with the finding of Abou- Khadrah et al. (2002), Bassal (2003) and El- Sadek (2005).
D- Seed oil and oil yield/fed:
Data presented in Table (4) showed that there were significant differences, due all these treatments. The highest oil % and oil yield/fed were produced by applying 20 kg N/fed + 30 m3 compost in both seasons while the lowest oil % obtained by 30 kg N/fed and oil yield/fed obtained by 10 kg N/fed respectively. This may be due to the increased of oil and oil yield. It was noted that the application of higher doses of nitrogen decrease oil yield/fed, the seed yield was increase to a level that may compensate for the reduction and oil content. Similar results were reported by Mohamed (2003) and zadah (2010).
Conclusion
High quantity and quality production of sunflower: Hehanthus annuus, L. cv. Sakha 53 were obtained at the applying of 20 kg N/fed + 30 m3 compost and 20 kg N/fed + 20 m3 compost + Cerealine. Sunflower "Helianthus annuus, L. cv. Sakha 53, can be grown under these treatments for their high seed yield and oil content under conditions of Sakha Agricultural Research Center or in other similar areas.
Table (2) : Leaf area/dm2 plant, dry matter accumulation (g/plant) as influenced by mineral organic and biofertilization in 2011 and 2012 seasons
Treatments
Leaf area
Days after sowing
Dry matter accumulation
Days after sowing
2011
2012
2011
2012
30
45
60
30
45
60
30
45
60
30
45
60
F1:10Kg N/fed
14.42i
25.29b
53.58i
11.36b
21.74f
52.71i
22.69f
70.38b
113.97i
20.82g
69.29h
104.39i
F2: 20kg N/fed
17.49ef
32.98.d
65.28e
15.28d
30.06e
63.52e
30.16c
81.11e
124.24f
27.56e
76.24e
119.86e
F3:30kg N/fed
22.05b
37.75be
71.59b
19.89b
36.89b
69.98b
38.69a
86.48b
137.07b
35.17f
84.08ab
128.58b
F4: 10kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost
15.93b
27.84g
55.69h
12.81g
24.13b
55.72b
24.21f
74.38g
119.06b
22.90ef
71.27g
108.93h
F5: 10kg N/fed+ 30m3 compost
17.76e
30.31e
59.76f
14.36c
27.48f
58.65f
26.63d
77.24f
122.81g
24.95d
74.21f
112.66f
F6: 10kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost+ Cerealine
17.19f
28.47f
57.32g
13.54f
25.33g
57.34g
25.43de
74.25g
120.37b
24.22de
72.24g
110.99g
F7: 10kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost + hizobacterine
16.67g
28.44f
56.21h
12.91g
24.84gh
56.79g
24.34ef
74.46g
119.43h
22.79f
71.27s
108.93h
F8: 20kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost
19.46d
37.63c
68.41d
17.98c
33.54d
68.47cd
34.15b
83.22d
129.59c
31.29b
80.26d
123.28d
F9: 20kg N/fed+ 30m3 compost
22.66a
41.59a
76.46a
20.95a
39.56a
73.89a
40.32a
89.46a
140.21a
36.04a
85.50a
131.38a
F10: 20kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost+ Cerealine
20.63c
38.59b
71.20b
19.99b
35.62c
69.37bc
35.29b
84.61c
135.44c
32.52d
83.05bc
125.95c
F11: 20kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost+ Rhizobacterine
20.22c
37.54c
69.29c
19.76b
33.83d
68.16d
34.78b
83.81c
133.01d
31.76b
81.65bc
123.65d
F test
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* indicate P < 0.05 Means designated by the same letter within columns are not significant differences at 5% level according to Duncan's multiple range test.
Table (3) : Number of days to full flowers, plant height, stem and head diameter as influenced by mineral, organic
and biofertilization in 2011 and 2012 seasons
Treatments
Number of days to
Full flowering
Plant height at
Harvest (cm)
Stem diameter
(cm)
Head diameter
(cm)
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
F1:10Kg N/fed
55.00de
55.25d
177j
175.50j
2.20f
2.03b
17.65g
18.45f
F2: 20kg N/fed
56.50c
56.50c
194.33f
189.71e
2.80d
2.68e
21.80d
22.15de
F3:30kg N/fed
58.00ab
58.25ab
200.57b
195.53c
3.60ab
3.80ab
23.25ab
23.08ab
F4: 10kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost
55.50d
55.75d
179.83i
177.80i
2.43e
2.25g
20.98f
21.68e
F5: 10kg N/fed+ 30m3 compost
56.50c
56.50c
182.10i
178.80b
2.70d
2.48f
21.55de
21.75e
F6: 10kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost+ Cerealine
55.75cd
56.00cd
184.57g
181.13f
2.63d
2.73e
21.45e
22.55cd
F7: 10kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost + Rhizobacterine
56.00cd
56.25c
183.13b
179.83g
2.63d
2.52f
21.33e
22.00c
F8: 20kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost
57.25bc
57.50b
196.97d
195.57c
2.98c
2.93d
22.13e
22.70bc
F9: 20kg N/fed+ 30m3 compost
58.50a
58.50a
195.27c
192.93d
3.45b
3.55c
23.52a
23.35a
F10: 20kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost+ Cerealine
57.50b
57.75b
201.60a
198.47a
3.70a
3.85a
23.25ab
23.15ab
F11: 20kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost+ Rhizobacterine
57.75b
58.00ab
198.63c
196.60b
3.50b
3.68c
23.05b
23.23a
F test
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
* indicate P < 0.05 Means designated by the same letter within columns are not significant differences at 5% level according
to Duncan's multiple range test.
Table (4) : 100 seed weight (g), seed yield (g), seed yield (kg/fed), oil% and oil yield (kg/fed) as influenced by mineral, organic
and biofertilization in 2011 and 2012 seasons
Treatments
100 seed weight
(g)
Seed yield
g/plant
Seed yield
(kg/fed)
Oil%
Oil yield
(kg/fed)
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
F1:10Kg N/fed
6.99e
6.47f
37.48h
36.20f
1311.10h
1266.49f
45.72b
44.25b
599.98b
560.42h
F2: 20kg N/fed
7.55de
7.39c
45.00f
43.60d
1574.37f
1525.39d
45.36b
43.40c
714.13f
662.02g
F3:30kg N/fed
8.61b
8.83b
54.70c
54.08c
1808.78c
1891.86c
42.25d
40.62e
773.25d
778.70
F4: 10kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost
7.64de
7.41e
44.58fg
41.68e
1539.38fg
1458.22e
44.25c
44.20b
681.18g
644.54b
F5: 10kg N/fed+ 30m3 compost
7.81d
7.95d
46.42e
43.93d
1624.05e
1536.96d
45.95b
44.28b
746.25e
680.55f
F6: 10kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost+ Cerealine
8.61b
8.14d
46.28e
41.00d
1619.35e
1504.39d
44.28c
43.11c
716.96f
648.54gh
F7: 10kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost + Rhizobacterine
8.64b
8.47c
45.53ef
42.68e
1592.91ef
1493.20e
45.39b
44.06bc
725.02ef
658.35g
F8: 20kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost
7.93ed
8.51bc
50.50d
53.70c
1766.76d
1877.75c
44.16c
42.35d
784.23d
795.65d
F9: 20kg N/fed+ 30m3 compost
9.88a
9.95a
59.78a
56.08a
2091.29a
1961.84a
47.46a
45.12a
953.15a
873.92
F10: 20kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost+ Cerealine
9.05b
8.78bc
57.27b
55.38b
2003.82b
1937.35b
44.27c
42.29d
925.23b
832.99c
F11: 20kg N/fed+ 20m3 compost+ Rhizobacterine
8.49bc
8.68bc
57.45b
55.08b
1999.45b
1926.85b
45.09c
44.20b
901.93c
850.51b
F test
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
* indicate P < 0.05 Means designated by the same letter within columns are not significant differences at 5% level
according to Duncan's multiple range test.
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