Radwan, F., Gomaa, M., El- Hissewy, A., Abou El- Soud, G. (2015). Effect of Bio,Organic and Nitrogenous Fertilization on The Productivity of Some Rice Cultivars (Oryza sativa, L.). Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 20(2), 264-277. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2015.161393
Fathy Ibrahim Radwan; Mahmoud Gomaa; Ahmed El- Hissewy; Germeen Abou El- Soud. "Effect of Bio,Organic and Nitrogenous Fertilization on The Productivity of Some Rice Cultivars (Oryza sativa, L.)". Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 20, 2, 2015, 264-277. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2015.161393
Radwan, F., Gomaa, M., El- Hissewy, A., Abou El- Soud, G. (2015). 'Effect of Bio,Organic and Nitrogenous Fertilization on The Productivity of Some Rice Cultivars (Oryza sativa, L.)', Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 20(2), pp. 264-277. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2015.161393
Radwan, F., Gomaa, M., El- Hissewy, A., Abou El- Soud, G. Effect of Bio,Organic and Nitrogenous Fertilization on The Productivity of Some Rice Cultivars (Oryza sativa, L.). Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 2015; 20(2): 264-277. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2015.161393
Effect of Bio,Organic and Nitrogenous Fertilization on The Productivity of Some Rice Cultivars (Oryza sativa, L.)
1Plant Production Dept., Fac. Agric. (Saba Basha) Alexandria University, Egypt
2Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Res.Inst, ARC. Egypt
Abstract
Two field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, at Abees region, Alexandria. Egypt during the two growing seasons 2013 and 2014 to study the effect of bio- organicand nitrogenous fertilization on the productivity of some rice cultivars (Oryza sativa, L.).The applied experimental design was splitsplit plot with three replicates. The main plots were conducted for the three rice cultivars (Sakha 106, Sakha 104 and Giza 178), while the four nitrogen fertilizer levels (Control, 40, 60 and 80 kg N/fed), as urea for 46.5% were arranged in the sub-plots and three bio-organic (uninoculation, compost and A-Mycarrhizal) which were arranged in the sub- sub plots. The main results could be summarized as follows (1) Sakha 104 cultivar significantly surpassed the other cultivars in all yield and its components I.e. panicle weight, number of filled grains/panicle, number of panicles/m2, 1000- grain weight, straw, grain and biological yields/ha as well as harvest index. (2) Application at 60 kg N/fed, gave the highest all characters under study But applying 60kg N/fed gave significantly the highest Hulling, milling and head rice percentage. (3) Application with 60 kg N/fed with A-mycorrhizal inoculation was the best combination to obtain the highest values of panicle weight, number of panicles/m2, 1000- grain weight, grain and biological yield/ha and harvest index as well as milling percentage.
The highest most traits except number of filled grains/panicle and straw yield were obtained from the combination of applying 60 kg N/fed and A-Mycorrhizal inoculation with sakha104 rice cultivar.
Rice(Oryza sativa, L.) is an important food in the diet of the world Population (FAO, 2004). Half of the worlds population eat rice daily and depend on it as their staple food. Rice occupies conspicuous position in the predominately agricultural economy of Egypt this attention is required to imrove its yield, quality characters and quality of elements nutrition (Chemma, 2004 and Yousef, 2007).
Nitrogen is one of three essential macronutrients for plants growth and yield. So, mineral nitrogen fertilizers are widely used in agriculture all over the world and also in Egypt. Nitrogen fertilizers is applied to meet the needs of the crop during the early growth stages and accumulate in the vegetative parts to be utilized for grain formation (Salem, 2006). Also, nitrogen fertilizers has a vital role in the contents of nitrogen% rice grains and nitrogen uptake by plants (Ebaid and Ghanem, 2000).
The present study was mainly directed to maximize the productivity of some rice cultivars through applying adequate organic fertilizer to reduce the environmental pollution in addition to improving soil chemical and physical properties which leads to improving grain yield and grain quality of rice under North Delta condition Egypt (El- Nory, 2008 and Badr, 2012). Compost is a perfect fertilizer made of natural substances like farm residue and animal manure, which have been through an ageing process. Making compost takes a little time and effect, but it’s wonderful, it improv’s the physical and chemical conditions of paddy soil (El- Ekhtyar, 2007).
Utilization of biological N2 fixation (BNF) can decrease the application of mineral N fertilizer and reducing environmental ranks (Choudhury and Kennedy, 2004). Also, Mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in whole plant nutrient balance by aiding in the uptake of limiling nutrients and maintaining the nutrient balance (Ning and Gumming, 2001) using biofertilization or microbial inoculates to replace of increase the efficiency of chemical fertilizer partially or totally in effective in reducing the cost of crop production and maintaining the natural fertility of soil (Radwanet al., 2008 and Tabl, 2014).
The information on role of nitrogen fertilizer levels and bio- organic fertilization as well as their combinations on production of rice are very scanty. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study the response of some rice cultivars to nitrogen levels and bio- organic fertilization on yield components and grain yield as well as grain quality under the conditions of Abees region, Alexandria Governorate.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two filed experiments were carried out at the Experimental farm of Faculty of Agric. (Saba Basha) Alexandria University, during the two successive summer seasons of 2013 and 2014. Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and bio- organic fertilization on yield and its components and some grain quality characters of three rice cultivars (Oryza sativa, L.) namely Giza 178, Sakha 104 and Sakha 106.
Soil samples of the experimental sites were taken at the depth of (0- 30cm) physical and chemical analyses are presented in Table (1) were don according to Chapman and Pratt (1978) while organic fertilizer analyses were Presented in Table (2).
The compost from solid waste as organic fertilizer was obtained from Abees Factory in the form of fine compost. Organic fertilizer was applied at a rate of 8 ton/fed and inculpated with the soil two weeks before sowing to a depth of 10- 15 cm. the Nursery seedbed was well ploughed and dry leveled- Phosphorus fertilizer in the form of single calcium super phosphate (15.5% P2O5) was added at the rate of 240 kg/ha (100 kg/fed) before tillage. Nitrogen in the form of urea (46%N) at the rates of (control 40 kg N, 60 kg N and 80 kg N/fed), was added in two portions.2/3 Basel in dry soil before the first irrigation and 1/3 at panicle initiation. Zinc sulphate (22% Zn) at the rate of 50 kg/ha (20 kg/fed) was added after pudding and before planting. The preceding crop was Egyptian clover (Trifolium olexandrinum, L.) for the two growing seasons. All cultivation practices were done according to the common practices in rice growing.
With A-mycorrhizal fungi with fungi (Glomus maciarpuim) strain an inoculants for rice from plant production Dept. (Saba Basha) Alex. Univ. at a rate of 250ml of infected roots and was mixed with seeds.
The experimental design was split- split plot with three replication. The main plots included three rice cultivars i.e. Giza 178, Sakha 106 and Sakha 104, while the nitrogen fertilizer levels (i.e. control, 40, 60 and 80 kg N/fed) was arranged in the subplots. Bio, organic fertilizers uninoculation, compost and A- Mycorrhizal were allocated to sub sub plots. The plot area was 10.5 m2 (3.5m length and 3m width). Rice seeds at the rate of 100 kg/ha were soaked in fresh water for 24 hours then drained and inoculated. For 48 hours to hasten early germination. The pre- germinated seeds were uniformly broadcasted in the nursery on 4th May in 2013 and 2014 seasons.
Table (1): The physical and chemical properties of the experimental soil 2013 and 2014 seasons
Soil properties
2013
2014
A- Particle size distribution (%):
Sand
Silt
Clay
Soil texture
13.90
42.10
44.00
Sand clay soil
14.30
42.70
43.00
Sand clay soil
B- Chemical properties:
pH (1:1)
EC (1:1) (ds/m)
1- Soluble cations(meq.1-1)
K+
Ca++
Mg++
Na++
7.80
3.40
0.85
4.20
3.25
8.25
7.90
3.45
0.90
4.30
3.20
8.30
2- Soluble anions (meq.1-1)
CO-3+ HCO-3
CL-
SO-4
2.80
11.90
0.40
2.70
11.80
0.45
Calcium carbonate (%)
7.60
7.50
Organic matter (%)
0.90
1.00
Total nitrogen (%)
0.44
0.48
Avaliable Phosphorus (mg/kg)
10.8
11.3
Avaliable K (mg/kg)
123.60
118.70
Table (2): Chemical analysis of organic fertilizer (Compost)
Parameters
2013
2014
pH 1:2.5 (soil suspension)
7.75
7.73
EC ds/m (soil pastic)
3.4
3.4
N (total) %
1.6
1.7
Organic carbon (%)
22
21
Ash (%)
46
44
C/N ratio
18:1
17:1
P (mg/kg)
80.2
80
K (mg/kg)
115.5
114.6
Data recorded
1- Yield and its components:
- Panicle weight (g), number of filled grains/panicle, Number of panicles/m2, 1000- grain weight (g), Grain yield (ton)/ha, straw yield ton/ha, biological yield (ton)/ha and harvest index.
2- Grain quality characters:
Milling characters
Hulling percentage, milling output and head rice percentage were estimated according to the methods reported by Adair (1952).
2-1- Hilling percentage
About 150g cleaned rough rice samples at moisture content 12- 14% were estimated using experimental huller machine (Satake) at Rice Technology and Training Center, Alexandria.
Brown rice weight
Huilling%= × 100
Rough rice weight
2-2- Milling percentage
Brown rice was consequently milled using milling machine model TMO5 at Rice Technology and Training Center, Alexandria, The milled rice sample was then collected and weighted taken and percentage of total milled rice was calculated by the following equation.
Milled rice weight
Hilling%= × 100
Rough rice weight
2-3- Head rice percentage
Whole milled grains were separated from milled rice using rice – sizing device. Then, the percentage on head rice yield was obtained and calculated as follows:
Whole grain weight
Head rice%= × 100
Rough rice weight
Statistical analysis:
All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance analysis according to Gomez and Gomez (1984) Treatment means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test (Duncan, 1955). All statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance technique by means of IRRISTAT computer software package.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1-Yield and its components:
Data in Tables (3 and 4) revealed that the differences among the studied rice cultivars in yield components i.e. panicle weight, number of filled grains/panicle, number of panicles/m2, 1000- grain weight, grain yield (ton)/ha, straw yield (ton)/ha, biological yield (ton)/ha, harvest index (%) in both seasons were significant. Sakha 104 cultivar significantly surpassed the other cultivars in all yield and its components characters under study. These differences may be due to the genetic differences and the differences in 1000- grain weight might be attributed to the variation in translocation rate of photosunthelic from leaves to the storing organs i.e. the grains. The trends of the obtained results are in good accordance with that reported by many investigators such as Salem (2006), Radwan et al. (2008), Tabl (2008), Abou- Khalifa (2012).
Data in Tables (3 and 4), clear that increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels significantly increased grain, straw biological yield (ton/ha) and harvest index (%) in both seasons. This increase in grain yield could be attributed to the significant increase in panicle weight, number of filled grains/panicle, number of panicles/m2 and 1000- grain weight in both seasons. Application of nitrogen fertilizer at level of 60 kg N/fed, gave the highest yield and its components compared to the other levels of application. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer may be attributed to the role of nitrogen in promoting the vegetative growth and moristemic activity during growth. Such finding is in agreement with those of Ebaid and Ghanem (2000), Abou- khalifa (2001), Badawi (2002) and Salem (2006).
With regard to the effect of bio- organic fertilization on rice yield and its components the results are shown in Tables (3 and 4). It could be concluded that inoculation of rice grains with A-mycorrhizal inoculation encourage the increase of panicle weight, number of filled grains/panicles, number of panicles/m2, 1000- grain weight, grain straw and biological yield (ton)/ha and Harvest index (%) when compared with the uninoculation (control) in both seasons. This may be due to the effect of A- Mycorrhizal inoculation which plays an important role in the assimilation of rice cultivars that reflected on enhancing this characteristic. Alas, the could be attributed to the role of plant phytohormones like IAA, Gas and CKs which promote plant growth cell division, breaking the aperial dominances, hence encouraging the photosynthesis and assimilator accumulation (El- Khowas, 1990). Similar results were obtained by Radwanet al. (2008), Wijebandara et al. (2009) and Tabl (2014).
It is clear from Tables (3 and 4) that the highest panicle weight, number of panicles/m2, 1000- grains weight, grain yield (ton)/ha, biological yield (ton/ha) and harvest index (%) were recorded under the treatment including the combination of Sakha 104 cultivar and applying 60 kg N/fed in 2013 and 2014 seasons.
As for the interaction between rice cultivar and bio- organic fertilization on panicle weight, number of panicles/m2, 1000- grain weight, grain and biological yield (ton/ha) as well as harvest index there was significant effect in the two seasons, Table (3 and 4). Sakha 104 cultivar and A- Mycorrhizal inoculation recorded the highest values of three traits.
The interaction between nitrogen fertilizer levels and bio- organic fertilization was significant in the same traits in both seasons, Tables (3 and 4). The highest grain yield (ton)/ha was attend by applying 60 kg N/fed with A- mycorrhizal inoculation. The results in Tables (3 and 4) indicate that the same traits except number of filled grains/panicle was recorded by Sakha 104 cultivar and applying 60 kg N/fed with A- mycorrhizal inoculation in both seasons.
2-Grain quality characters:
It is clear that hulling, milling and head rice percentages of the three tested cultivars varied significantly in both seasons, Table (5).
The highest hulling percentage (83.17%) in the first season. Milling percentage (73.06 and 73.22%) and head rice percentage (66.91 and 65.35%) in both seasons, respectively belonged to Sakha 104 cultivar. These differences may be due to the differences in the genetic structure and its interaction with environmental conditions. Similar differences among rice cultivars in grain quality were reported by El- Ekhtyar (2004).
Obtained results recorded in Table (5) revealed that hulling, milling and head rice percentages in grains were significantly affected by adding nitrogen fertilizer levels. The highest values of all grain quality characters were obtained by 60 kg N/fed compared with check (control). Increase in hulling milling and head rice percentages as a results of increasing of nitrogen levels to up 60 kg N/fed may be due to increasing nutrient availability. Similar results were obtained by Seedek (2001) and El- Hissewyet al. (2005).
Percentages data in Table (5) indicated that of hulling, milling and head rice significantly increased by inoculation of rice grain with A-mycorrhizal inoculation when compared with uninoculation (control) treatment during the two seasons. This may be due to A- mycorrhizal inoculation had favorable effect on grain quality characters via improved growth, escalating photosynthetic rate consequently improving both grain yield and grain quality as shown in Table (5).
Data documented in Table (5) show that the interaction between Sakha 104 cultivar and applying 60 kg N/fed produced the highest values of milling percentage in both seasons. In both seasons of study Sakha 104 cultivar and A-mycorrhizal inoculation was recorded the highest values of milling percentage.
Data in Table (5) reveal that the highest milling percentage were recorded by applying of 60 kg N/fed and the A-mycorrhizal inoculation in both seasons. Also, data in Table (5) reveal that highest values of milling percentage were recorded by Sakha 104 cultivar when it was fertilized with applying 60 kg N/fed and A- mycorrhizal inoculation in both seasons.
From the above mentioned results and under the condition of the present study it, could be concluded that the most economic fertilization treatment for maximum yield and its components of rice Sakha 104 cultivar as well as grain quality character sties in Alexandria are applying 60 kg N/fed with A- mycorrhizal inoculation which hence reduced the cost of production and pollution which could occur by excessive use of chemical fertilizer.
Table (3): Panicle weight (g), Number of filled grains/panicle, number of panicles/m2 and 1000- grain weight (g) as influenced by cultivars, N-fertilizer levels and bio- organic fertilization and their interactions in 2013 and 2014 seasons
Treatments
Panicle weight
(g)
No. of filled
grains/panicle
No. of
panicles/m2
1000- grain
weight (g)
2013
2014
2013
1014
2013
2014
2013
2014
A) Rice cultivars
Giza 178
2.65c
2.82c
103.35b
104.47b
412.45c
418.93c
21.57c
24.81c
Sakha 106
2.80b
2.97b
103.81b
105.51b
415.33b
422.89b
22.08b
25.84b
Sakha 104
2.93a
3.09a
130.43a
134.47a
418.22a
429.36a
22.69a
26.19a
L.S.D. (0.05)
0.012
0.026
4.56
4.50
0.23
2.26
0.10
0.06
B) N- levels
Control
2.47d
2.63d
100.90c
100.44c
403.81d
410.56d
20.03d
22.37d
40 kg N/fed
2.57c
2.78c
102.08bc
102.82c
409.71c
417.01c
21.21c
24.04c
60 kg N/fed
3.32a
3.34a
142.56a
146.74a
425.46a
436.62a
24.15a
28.76a
80 kg N/fed
2.81b
3.00b
104.49b
109.43b
422.61b
430.72b
23.06b
27.30b
L.S.D. (0.05)
0.015
0.029
0.55
4.60
0.19
0.78
0.09
0.13
C) Bio- organic
Uninoculation
2.80b
3.11b
98.84b
102.75b
386.24c
410.70c
21.34c
23.27c
Compost (organic)
2.26c
2.39c
101.93b
105.21b
422.32b
420.52b
22.40b
25.40b
Mycorrhizal
3.33a
3.39a
136.82
136.41a
437.24a
439.95a
22.60a
28.11a
L.S.D. (0.05)
0.009
0.033
5.60
6.20
0.30
3.08
0.15
0.16
AxB
AxC
**
**
ns
ns
**
**
**
**
BxC
**
**
ns
ns
**
**
**
**
AxBxC
**
**
ns
ns
**
**
**
**
*, **, N.S. indicates P< 0.05, P > 0.01 and not significant, respectively. Means at each factor designated by the same latter are
not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s multiple range test.
Table (4): Grain yield (t)/ha, straw yield (t)/ha, biological yield (t)/ha and harvest index as influenced by rice cultivars, N- levels bio-organic fertilization and their interactions
Treatments
Grain yield
(ton/ha)
Straw yield
(ton/ha)
Biological yield
(ton/ha)
Harvest index
(%)
2013
2014
2013
1014
2013
2014
2013
2014
A) Rice cultivars
Giza 178
9.67c
10.09c
12.14b
12.23
21.98c
22.27c
45.00b
45.61
Sakha 106
10.05b
10.39b
12.48a
15.39
22.29b
22.99b
45.22b
45.50
Sakha 104
10.35a
10.74a
12.07b
13.03
22.85a
23.62a
45.56a
45.42
L.S.D. (0.05)
0.03
0.05
0.09
ns
0.05
0.06
0.20
ns
B) N- levels
Control
9.07d
9.39d
11.40d
11.51b
20.36b
20.82b
44.70c
45.37b
40 kg N/fed
9.41c
9.86c
12.08c
11.99ab
21.14c
21.74c
44.82c
45.26b
60 kg N/fed
11.26a
11.70a
13.06a
17.62a
24.57a
25.63a
46.11a
46.11a
80 kg N/fed
10.35b
10.68b
12.32b
13.07ab
22.90b
23.69b
45.41b
45.30b
L.S.D. (0.05)
0.05
0.07
0.09
5.46
0.09
0.10
0.37
0.52
C) Bio- organic
Uninoculation
9.24c
9.78c
12.07b
12.54
20.67c
21.30c
39.75c
40.27c
Compost (organic)
10.04b
10.62b
12.14b
14.61
22.24b
23.32b
47.33b
46.47b
Mycorrhizal
10.74a
10.82a
12.48a
13.49
23.22a
24.29a
48.69a
49.78a
L.S.D. (0.05)
0.05
0.11
0.07
ns
0.12
0.09
0.53
0.82
AxB
AxC
**
**
ns
ns
**
**
**
**
BxC
**
**
ns
ns
**
**
**
**
AxBxC
**
**
ns
ns
**
**
**
**
*, **, N.S. indicates P < 0.05, P > 0.01 and not significant, respectively. Means at each factor designated by the same latter are not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s multiple range test.
Table (5): Hilling, milling and head rice percentages as influenced by rice cultivars nitrogen levels, bio-organic fertilization and interactions in 2013 and 2014 seasons
Treatments
Hulling
%
Milling
%
Head rice
%
2013
2014
2013
1014
2013
2014
A) Rice cultivars
Giza 178
78.33c
77.53
72.14c
72.33c
65.96c
64.35b
Sakha 106
81.26b
78.50
72.55b
72.75b
66.45b
64.52b
Sakha 104
83.17a
78.93
73.06a
73.22a
66.91a
65.35a
L.S.D. (0.05)
0.55
ns
0.05
0.08
0.42
0.19
B) N- levels
Control
77.01b
76.66
70.75d
70.92d
64.48d
63.59d
40 kg N/fed
80.57b
77.40
71.84c
72.82c
65.68c
64.12c
60 kg N/fed
83.68a
80.54
74.14a
74.53a
68.09a
65.92a
80 kg N/fed
79.75b
98.2
73.61
73.80b
67.01b
65.01b
L.S.D. (0.05)
0.71
ns
0.08
0.11
0.52
0.26
C) Bio- organic
Uninoculation
76.69c
72.30
71.42c
72.03c
66.59b
64.79b
Compost (organic)
81.68b
82.49
72.45b
72.72b
64.76c
63.70c
Mycorrhizal
84.39a
75.73
73.88a
73.55a
67.97a
65.48a
L.S.D. (0.05)
0.60
ns
0.09
0.17
0.32
0.28
AxB
AxC
**
**
ns
ns
**
**
BxC
**
**
ns
ns
**
**
AxBxC
**
**
ns
ns
**
**
*, **, N.S. indicates P < 0.05, P > 0.01 and not significant, respectively. Means at each factor designated by the same latter
are not significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s multiple range test.
References
Abou- Khalifa, A. A. B. (2001).Response of some rice varieties to nitrogen fertilizer application under different irrigation intervals. Ph. D. Thesis. Fac. of Agric. Moshtohor, Zagzig Univ., Egypt.
Abou- Khalifa, A. A. B. (2012). Study some physiologic characters, yield and yield components for five new rice varieties under different sowing dates, Pelegia. Res. Livrary. Adv. In Applied Sci. Res., 3 (1): 440- 445.
Adair, C. R. (1952).The Mc Gill miller method 20 for determining the milled quality of small samples of rice.J. of Appl. Sci. Res., 55 (2) 21- 20.
Badr, A. M. M. (2012).Impact of organic and inorganic fertilization on yield, quality of rice and soil fertility. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. of Agric. Kafr El- Sheikh Univ.
Badawi, S. A. T (2002). Physiological studies on rice crop. M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. of Agric. Kafr El- Sheikh, Tanta. Univ., Egypt.
Chapman, H. D. and P. F. Pratt. (1978). Methods of analysis for soils and plants and water. Division Agric. Sci. Univ. California pp. 162- 172.
Choudhury, A. T. M. and I. R. Kennedy. (2004).Prospects and potentials for systems of biological nitrogen fixation in sustainable rice production. Biofertil Soils. 39: 219-227.
Chemma, M. A.A. (2004). Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on Basmati rice productivity Pak. J. of Botany, 19 (5): 312- 318.
Duncan, C. B. (1955). Multiple ranges and multiple F- Test Biometrics. 11. 1-24.
Ebaid, R. A. and S. A. Ghanem. (2000). Productivity of Giza 177 rice variety growth after different winter crops and fertilized with different nitrogen levels Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 78 (2): 717- 731.
El- Ekhtyar, A. M. M. (2004). Behavior of some rice cultivars as affected by drought treatments and direct seedling method (drilling), Ph. D. Thesis. Argon.Dep. Fac. of Agric. Mansoura Univ., Egypt.
El- Ekhtyar, N. M. I. (2007).Response of rice yield to application of nitrogen from different sources and forms. M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. of Agric. Kafr El- Sheikh. Univ., Egypt.
El- Hissewy, A. A., M. A. Gomaa, F. I. Radwan and M. M. El- Sigini. (2005). Grain quality characteristics of rice it’s affected by different irrigation water sources and nitrogen levels. Egypt. J. Agric. Vol. 83 (5A): 131- 141.
El- Khawas, M. A. (1990).Effect of Azotobacter chroococum and Azosprilliumbrasilience inoculation under graded levels of nitrogen growth and yield of wheat plant and soil, 69: 61-67.
El- Nory, M. I. I. (2008).Effect of organic and nitrogen fertilizer on the performance of some rice cultivars under North Delta Conditions.M. Sc. Thesis Fac. of Agroc.Kafr El- Sheikha Univ.
Gomez, K.A. and A.A. Gomez (1984).StatistialProducess for agricultural Research 2nd Ed. John wiley& Sons Inc. New York.
Gorgy, R. N. (1995).Performance of hybrid rice and inbred ric cultivar different planting and number of seedling perhill. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 32 (1): 117- 131.
FAO (2004).FOA STAT, FAO Statistical Databases.
Ning, N. and J. R. Cumming. (2001).Arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi enhance aluminium resistance of broomsedge (Andropogonvirginicus L.) J. Exp. Bi (2003) 54 (388) 1447- 1459 first published online March 31.
Radwan, F. I., I. Abou El- Deoud and El ham A. Badr. (2008). Response of two rice cultivars to blue green algee, A- Mycorrhizal inoculation and mineral nitrogen fertilizer Middle Easton and Russian J. of plant Sci. and Biotechnology 17 March, 2008.
Salem, A. K. M. (2006).effect of nitrogen levels plant spacing and time of farmyard manure application on the productivity of Rice, J. of Alppl. Sci. Res., 2 (11): 980- 987.
Sedeek, S. F. M. (2001). Studies of morphological and agronomical characteristics of some early varieties and lines of rice M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. of Agric. Kafr El- Sheikh, Tanta Univ., Egypt.
Tabl, D. M. M. (2008).Effect of nitrogenous and Potash fertilization on productivity and grain quality of some rice cultivars.M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. of Agric (Saba Basha) Alex. Univ., Egypt.
Tabl, D. M. M. (2014).Response of some rice cultivars to plant spacing and nitrogenous bio- fertilization. Ph. D. Thesis, Fac. of Agric. (Saba Basha) Alex. Univ., Egypt.
Wijebandara, D. M. D. I. Ranie, G. S. Dasog; P. L. Patil and M. Hebbar. (2009). Response of rice to nutrients and bio- fertilizers under conventional and system of rice intensification methods of cultivation in Tungabhadra command of Karnataka Dept of soil Sci. and Agric. Chem. Univ. India. J. Agric. Sci., 22 (4) 741- 750.
Yousef, A. A. M. (2007). Breeding studies on Rice. M. Sc. Thesis, Fac. of Agric. Kafr El- Sheikh. Univ., Egypt.