Radwan, F., Fathallah Rehab, I., Khalil ElSakhawy, G., Ibrahim, M. (2017). Impact of Sulfur, Nitrogen Application Methods and Biofertilization on Productivity and Quality of Wheat Crop. Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 22(3), 606-620. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2017.180478
Fathy Radwan; Ibrahim Fathallah Rehab; Gamal AbdElNasser Khalil ElSakhawy; Mohmed ElMahdy Ibrahim. "Impact of Sulfur, Nitrogen Application Methods and Biofertilization on Productivity and Quality of Wheat Crop". Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 22, 3, 2017, 606-620. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2017.180478
Radwan, F., Fathallah Rehab, I., Khalil ElSakhawy, G., Ibrahim, M. (2017). 'Impact of Sulfur, Nitrogen Application Methods and Biofertilization on Productivity and Quality of Wheat Crop', Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 22(3), pp. 606-620. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2017.180478
Radwan, F., Fathallah Rehab, I., Khalil ElSakhawy, G., Ibrahim, M. Impact of Sulfur, Nitrogen Application Methods and Biofertilization on Productivity and Quality of Wheat Crop. Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 2017; 22(3): 606-620. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2017.180478
Impact of Sulfur, Nitrogen Application Methods and Biofertilization on Productivity and Quality of Wheat Crop
1Plant Production of Department. Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University.
2Faculty of Agriculture saba basha, Alexandria University
3Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Dept. Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha Alexandria University.
Abstract
Two field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Station Farm Facility of Agriculture (Saba-Basha) AlexandriaUniversity, Egypt during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons. The objective of this study was to investigation the effect of sulfur, nitrogen application methods and biofertilization on yield, components and chemical compositions of the Gemmeiza 9 wheat cultivar to improve wheat productivity and minimizing of pollution. The results could be summarized as follows. Applying sulfur at 400 kg/fed gave higher spike length, number of spikes/m2, weight of spike g/m2 , number of spikelets/spike, 1000- grain weight, grain, straw and biological yields (ton/fed) than 200kg/fed and untreated treatment in both seasons. Also, applying 400 kg/S/fed significantly surpassed untreated treatment for crude protein percentage, N, P and K percentages in both seasons. The addition of mixture nitrogen (soil + foliar) resulted in a significant increment in yield components and chemical composition of wheat grain in both seasons. Significant variation were recorded between the tested biofertilization on yield, yield components and chemical composition of wheat grain in both seasons A- mycorrhizal significantly surpassed uninoculation (control) for yield, yield components and chemical compositions in both seasons. Thus, it is possible to obtain maximum yield, yield components and chemical compositions of grain wheat through applying 400 kg S/fed, mixture nitrogen methods (Soil + foliar) and A- mycorrhizal inoculation (biofertilizer).
Wheat (Triticumaestivum, L.) is one of the most important crops used in human food and animal feed in Egypt. Recently a great attention of several investigations has been directed to increase the productivity of wheat to minimize the gap between the Egyptian production and consumption by increasing the cultivated area and wheat yield per unit area. Therefore, the local production of wheat grain (about 9.4 million tons) covers only 60% of the local consumption demand which reflect the need to import about 40% of wheat grains from abroad (FAO, 2013).
The role of sulphur and the importance of sulfur fertilization in the production of the major cereal crops, wheat and corn and in the high sulphur demanding oil crops have been examining work wide. Sulfur deficiency causes decreased N utilization and yield loss and decreased the baking value of the flour of cereal crops (Mars et al., 2006).
Nitrogen is important for plant growth however, plants have limited ability to extract them from the environment and these need microbes involved in "nutrient recycling" to help a plant uptake and absorb this nutrient of optimal concentration (Zakiet al., 2012).Foliar fertilization in a widely used practice to correct nutritional deficiencies in plant caused by improper supply of nutrient to roots (Ling and Silberbush, 2002).Increases were recorded in spike length, number of spikes/m2, number of grains/spike,1000- grain weight, grain and biological yields (ton)/fed with soil application (Gomaaet al., 2015).
Bio-fertilizers play vital role for increasing the number of microorganisms and accelerate certain microbial process in the rizosphere of inoculation soil plant which can change the available forms of nutrients into plants (Radwanet al., 2015).Arbuscularmycorrhizal (AM) fungi, forming symbiotic association with most economically important crop plant, can improve plant growth under low fertility condition and have affected a considered research to their agricultural potential use (Gomaaet al., 2011 and Radwanet al., 2014).
The aim of this investigation was designed to study the effect of sulfur, nitrogen application methods and biofertilization (A-mycorrhizal + Cerealin) on growth, productivity and quality of wheat crop.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two field experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Egypt, during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons. The experiments were carried out to study the combined effect of sulfur, nitrogen application methods and biofertilization (A-mycorrhizal + Cerealin) on growth, productivity and quality of Gemmeiza 9 wheat cultivar (Triticumaestivum, L.).
The experimental design was split–split plot design with three replications. Sulfur levels were allocated in the main plot methods of nitrogen fertilizer application were allocated in the sub-plots and biofertilizer treatments were allocated in the sub-sub- plots. The size of each plot was 10.5 m2 (1/400 feddan) 3.5 m long and 3.0 m wide. Each experiment included 27 treatments which were the combination among three sulfur levels, three methods of nitrogen application and three biofertilizer treatments. The experimental treatments can be described as follows:
Sulfur levels
Untreated
200 kg Sulphur /fed
400 kg Sulphur/fed
Nitrogen application methods
Soil application
Foliar spraying
Mixture (Soil + foliar)
Biofertilizers
Uninoculation
A- Mycorrhizalbiofertilizer
Cerealinebiofertilizer
Nitrogen fertilizer was added at a rate of 100 kg N/fed (the recommended dose, for soil N application half dose of N was applied at sowing time while the remaining in three split dose. In case of soil were foliar application of 100 kg N/fed at two different stage i.e. half at sowing and half at second irrigation to the soil and foliar as well as mixture (Soil + Foliar) were used. In the two experiments N fertilizer added in the form of ammonium nitrate (33.5% N) super phosphate fertilizer (15.5% P2O5) was applied before sowing at the rate of 150 kg/fed (the recommended dose). Potassium fertilizer was applied before sowing (during seed bed preparation at rate of 50 kg/fed in the form of potassium sulfate (48% K2O) (The recommended dose).
The inoculation with Cerealine was performed by coating wheat grains with each product individually using a sticking substance (Arabic gum at 5%) just before planting inoculation of A- mycorrhizal fungi an inoculates for wheat grains with fungi (Glomusmacrarpium) strain from plant production Dept. (Saba Basha), Alex. Univ. at a rate of 250 ml of infected roots and was mixed with grains. The biofertilizers (Cerealine) which was produced by the General Organization for Agric. Equalization Ministry of Agriculture. Analyses of chemical and physical properties of the experimental soil (0- 30 cm) are shown in Table (1). The determination of soil physical and chemical analysis was carried out according to the methods reported by (Page et al., 1982).
Table (1).Some physical and chemical properties of the experimental soil during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons
Soil properties
2014/2015
2015/2016
A- Mechanical analysis
Sand%
Clay%
Silt%
15.00
42.00
43.00
14.80
42.20
43.20
Soil texture
Clay loam soil
B- Chemical analysis
pH (1:1)
EC (1:1) dS/m
7.90
2.20
7.80
2.30
1- Soluble cations (1:2) (cmol/kg soil)
K+
Ca++
Mg++
Na++
0.95
4.15
3.20
8.20
0.96
4.20
3.25
8.30
2- Soluble anions (1:2) (cmol/kg soil)
CO-3+ HCO-3
CL-
SO-4
2.80
11.50
0.50
2.70
11.70
0.52
Calcium carbonate (%)
7.70
7.80
Organic matter (%)
1.40
1.42
Total nitrogen (mg/kg)
1.00
0.91
Available Phosphorus (mg/kg)
3.70
3.55
Available K (mg/kg)
120.4
1240.6
At harvest one square meter was taken randomly from each sub- sub plot for the last two replication to determine yield and its components.
A- Yield and its components
Spike length (cm)
Number of spikes/m2
Weight of spikes/m2 (g)
Number of spikelets/spike
1000- grain weight (g)
Grain yield (ton)/ha
Straw yield (ton)/ha
Biological yield (ton)/ha
B- Grain quality
Powder of grains taken at harvest was wet- digested with H2SO4- H2O2 digest (Lowther 1980) and the following determinations were carried in the digested solution.
1-Total nitrogen content (%): the Micro- Kjeldahl method was used to determine the total nitrogen in the grain.
2-Phosphorus content percentage: Was determined by using the methods described by John (1970).
3-Potassium content percentage: Was determined photometrically by using a Flam Photometer Model corning as described by Johnson and Ulrich (1959).
4-Grain protein percentage: The total nitrogen in the grain multiplied by 5.75 to obtain percentage of crude protein according to A. O. A. C. (1980).
Data obtained were exposed to the proper method of statistical analysis of variance as described by Gomez and Gomez (1984). The treatments means were compared using the least significant differences (L.S.D.) test at 0.05% level of probability.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A- Yield and its components:
Data presented in Tables (2 and 3) showed that spike length, number of spike/m2, weight of spikes (g/m2) number of spikelets/spike, 1000- grain weight (g), grain, straw and biological yields (ton/fed) during the two growing seasons were significantly affected by adding sulfur fertilizer levels. Application sulfur at 400 kg/fed caused a significant increase in yield and its components as compared with the other treatments. The S content in plant increases and the plant will accumulate more nutrients in reach the balance between cations and anions. Therefore, push the plant to give the best dry matter and length of roots which offer the plant to absorb more nutrients and assimilate the bio chemical processes by plant. Similar results were reported by Nassaret al. (2014), Zakaria (2004), Mars et al. (2006) and Mahmoud (2008).
Yield and yield components of wheat plant as affected by nitrogen fertilizer application methods described that nitrogen fertilizer application had significantly affected the yield and its components Tables (2 and 3). Data showed that the highest all yield and its components i.e. spike length, number of spike/m2, weight of spikes/m2, number of spikelets/spike, 1000- grain weight (g), grain, straw and biological yields (ton/fed), were observed in mixture nitrogen application (soil + foliar) It could be due to mixture application (soil + folair) of nitrogen at yield and its components of improving the ability of grain for best vigor, viability and among source – sink relationship to minimize application of N resulted the best grain yield of wheat (Saeedet al., 2012). Similar results, more or less were obtained by El- Shaarawy (2003), Saleh (2003), Hussein (2005), Bakhatet al (2010) and Gomaaet al (2015).
Inoculation of biofertilizers significantly increased, spike length, number of spike/m2, weight of spikes (g/m2), number of spikelets/spike, 1000- grain weight, grain, straw and biological yields (ton/fed) in both seasons. Hence, the highest yield and its components were recorded with inoculation A- mycorrhiazl as compared to other treatments. It could be concluded that inoculation of wheat grain with biofertilizers encourages the increase of yield and its components. This may be due to the effect of biofertilization which plays an important role in the assimilation of wheat plants that reflected on enhancing this characteristic. Also, this could be attributed to the role of plant phytohormones like IAA, GAs and CKs which promote plant growth cell division, breaking the special dominances, hence encouraging the photosynthesis and assimilates accumulation (Abdel- Allaet al., 2007). Many investigators reported the positive effect of biofertilization on these characters, Basha (2004), Ibrahim et al. (2004), El-Esh (2007), Zakiet al. (2007), Gomaaet al. (2011) and Radwanet al. (2015).
The effect of the interaction between sulfur levels and nitrogen application methods on spike length, number of spike/m2, weight of spikes g/m2 , number of spikelets/spike, 1000-grain weight (g) , grain, straw and biological yields (ton/fed) were significant (Tables 2 and 3) in both growing seasons. Applying sulfur at 400 kg/fed with application nitrogen mixture (soil + foliar) gave the highest values of yield and its components in the first and the second seasons.
The effect of interaction between sulfur levels and biofertilizers was significant for yield and its components Tables (2 and 3). However, the highest values of yield and its components were obtained by applying sulfur at 400 kg/fed with A- mycorrhizal inoculation in both seasons.
The effect of interaction between nitrogen application methods and biofertilizer was significant for all yield and its components in both seasons.
Second order interaction among three factors was significant for all yield and its components in the two growing seasons Tables (2 and 3). Applying sulfur at 400 kg/fed and nitrogen application mixture (soil + foliar) with A-mycorrhizal inoculation gave the highest values of yield and its components of wheat plant.
B- Grain quality
The obtained results recorded in Table (4) revealed that crude protein in grains and percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium were significantly affected by adding sulfur levels.
The highest values of crude protein and all chemical composition characters were obtained by applying sulfur at 400 kg/fed while, the lowest one were recorded by untreated treatment in both seasons. The positive impacts of sulfur levels on wheat crop production and its elemental composition are mainly due to improving the soil physical, chemical and biological properties and preparing the suitable bed of germination and development of plant growth, that effect on the resultant yield (Nassaret al., 2014). These results are in agreement with Azersohaiet al. (2000), Mahmoud (2008) and Muftah (2011).
Data showed in Table (4) revealed that crude protein percentage N, P and K content in grain were affected significantly by nitrogen application methods in both seasons. The highest mean value of crude protein percentage and all chemical composition were obtained by soil application than foliar spraying in both seasons. The present results are in line with those obtained by Hassanein (2001), Arifet al. (2006), Khan et al. (2006) and Zeidanet al. (2010).
The highest value of crude protein (%) and all chemical composition i.e. N, P and K content in grain with mixture of nitrogen application methods (soil + foliar) fertilizer, while the lowest one was recorded by foliar spraying in both seasons, Table (4). This may be attributed mainly to the vital physiological roles in plant cell which root up take of plant nutrition (Arifet al., 2006).
Table (2).Wheat yield and its components as affected by sulfur levels, nitrogen application methods and biofertilization during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons
Treatments
Spike length (cm)
Number of spikes/m2
Weight of (g) spikes/m2
Number of spikelets/spike
2014/2015
2015/2016
2014/2015
2015/2016
2014/2015
2015/2016
2014/2015
2015/2016
A) Sulfur levels
Untreated
11.31 c
12.58c
212.74c
230.38c
304.26c
337.79c
28.27c
31.47c
200 kg/fed
12.17 b
13.50b
240.57b
267.31b
400.57b
433.95b
31.75b
35.26b
400 kg/fed
12.97 a
14.42a
266.12a
295.83a
520.00a
578.02a
36.29a
40.33a
L.S.D. (0.05)
0.52
0.55
10.70
11.50
9.80
10.5
2.60
2.40
B) Nitrogen application methods
Soil application
12.23 b
13.62b
237.8b
263.42b
414.23b
460.42b
31.99b
35.36b
Foliar spraying
11.37 c
12.63c
220.26c
238.70c
367.76c
397.48c
29.14c
32.37c
Soil + Foliar
12.84 a
14.24a
261.29a
291.39a
442.82a
492.04a
35.15a
39.06a
L.S.D. (0.05)
0.53
0.55
10.60
11.50
9.90
10.6
2.60
2.45
C) Biofertilization
Uninoculation
11.34 c
12.58c
209.48c
226.73c
334.16c
371.40c
29.17c
32.43c
A-mycorrhizal
12.90 a
14.32a
269.73a
299.45c
474.00a
515.58a
35.40a
39.26a
Cerealine
12.19 b
13.59b
240.08b
265.64b
416.44b
462.94b
31.76b
35.40b
L.S.D. (0.05)
0.50
0.54
10.2
11.30
8.40
9.50
2.05
2.00
Interactions
AxB
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
AxC
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
BxC
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
AxBxC
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Mean followed by the same letter (s) in each column are not significantly differed at 0.05 level ofprobability
Table (3).Cont.
Treatments
1000- grain
weight (g)
Grain yield
(ton/fed)
Straw yield
(ton/fed)
Biological yield
(ton/ fed)
2014/2015
2015/2016
2014/2015
2015/2016
2014/2015
2015/2016
2014/2015
2015/2016
A) Sulfur levels
Untreated
40.92c
45.83c
4.24b
4.69b
6.47c
7.18c
10.68c
11.87c
200 kg/fed
46.10b
51.22b
4.33b
4.88b
7.42b
8.21b
11.88b
13.06b
400 kg/fed
49.18a
54.48a
5.35a
5.92a
7.67a
8.45a
12.93a
14.37a
L.S.D. (0.05)
2.80
3.10
0.40
0.30
0.22
0.20
0.45
0.50
B) Nitrogen application methods
Soil application
45.19b
50.27b
4.69b
5.28b
7.39b
8.22b
12.19b
13.42b
Foliar spraying
40.37c
45.19c
4.19c
4.62c
6.53c
7.21c
10.65c
11.83c
Soil + Foliar
50.60a
56.06a
5.10a
5.67a
7.64a
8.41a
12.65a
14.06a
L.S.D. (0.05)
2.70
3.10
0.41
0.30
0.22
0.21
0.45
0.50
C) Biofertilization
Uninoculation
40.49c
44.98c
3.67c
4.07c
6.82b
7.66b
10.53c
11.71c
A-mycorrhizal
50.16a
56.08a
5.51a
6.13a
7.92a
8.79a
13.43a
14.91a
Cerealine
45.54b
50.45b
4.77b
5.29b
6.70b
7.42a
11.53b
12.68b
L.S.D. (0.05)
2.20
2.60
0.35
0.28
0.18
0.20
0.40
0.43
Interactions
AxB
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
AxC
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
BxC
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
AxBxC
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Mean followed by the same letter (s) in each column are not significantly differed at 0.05 levels of probaility
Data in Table (4) indicated that crude protein and percentages of nitrogen, phosphours potassium increased significantly by inoculation of wheat grain with biofertilizer during the two seasons. The maximum increment was obtained by A-Mycorrhizal followed by cerealine. The increment percentages attained were 12.64- 15.56% and 11.24- 12.50 for crude protein, 2.00- 2.19 and 1.81- 2.00 for N%, 0.614- 0.683 and 0.553- 0.619 for P% and 2.20 – 2.40 and 2.00- 2.23 for K in the two seasons for treatment A-mycorrhizal and cerealine compared with Uninoculation (control) treatment. This may be due to the role of dissolving phosphate and nitrogen fixation bacteria on increasing the endogenous phytohormons (IAA, GAs and CKs) which play an important role in formation a big active root system, increasing the nutrients uptake and photosynthesis rate and translocation as well as accumulation within different plarts(El- Khawas, 1990).This results are in agreement with those obtained by Hussein and Radwan (2002) Shomanet al (2006) Zakiet al. (2007), Abo-Marzoka (2009) Gomaaet al. (2011) and Radwanet al. (2015).
Data in Table (4) clear that the applying sulfur at 400 kg/fed with application of mixture nitrogen (soil + foliar) gave the highest values of crude protein and all chemical composition as illustrated in Table (4). That the effective treatment of crude protein and all chemical composition in two seasons were obtained from applying sulfur at 400 kg/fed with A- mycorrhizal inoculation in both seasons.
Data in Table (4) showed that the effect of interaction between nitrogen application methods with biofertilization on crude protein and all chemical compositions in both seasons. It is clear from data in Table (4) that there is a high significant increase for all treatments compared with the non- inoculation with foliar spraying in the interaction effect on all studied chemical composition.
The highest values of crude protein and all chemical compositions were recorded by using the sulfur application at 400 kg/fed and mixture nitrogen (soil + foliar) with A- mycorrhizal inoculation in both seasons.
Table (4).Protein percentage and chemical composition (N, P and K %) as affected by sulfur levels, methods of nitrogen application and biofertilization during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons0.
Treatments
Protein content (%)
Nitrogen (%)
Phosphorus (%)
Potassium (%)
2014/2015
2015/2016
2014/2015
2015/2016
2014/2015
2015/2016
2014/2015
2015/2016
A) Sulfur levels
Untreated
10.22c
11.32c
1.63c
1.82b
0.482c
0.537c
1.61b
1.75b
200 kg/fed
10.89b
12.13b
1.76b
1.91b
0.541b
0.605b
1.78b
1.97b
400 kg/fed
13.10a
14.34a
2.09a
2.32a
0.623a
0.692a
2.60a
2.83a
L.S.D. (0.05)
0.60
0.75
0.12
0.13
0.042
0.060
0.25
0.23
B) Nitrogen application methods
Soil application
11.37b
12.63b
1.82b
2.00b
0.546b
0.608b
1.97b
2.19b
Foliar spraying
10.39c
11.48c
1.67c
1.85c
0.499c
0.558c
1.81b
2.01b
Soil + Foliar
12.53a
13.67c
1.97a
2.19a
0.601a
0.668a
2.17a
2.36a
L.S.D. (0.05)
0.60
0.70
0.11
0.13
0.042
0.060
0.24
0.23
C) Biofertilization
Uninoculation
10.33c
11.40c
1.65c
1.84c
0.479c
0.533c
1.74c
1.93c
A-mycorrhizal
12.64a
15.56a
2.00a
2.19a
0.614a
0.683a
2.20a
2.40a
Cerealine
11.24b
12.50b
1.81b
2.00b
0.553b
0.619b
2.00b
2.23b
L.S.D. (0.05)
0.50
0.65
0.10
0.11
0.040
0.55
0.19
0.15
Interactions
AxB
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
AxC
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
BxC
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
AxBxC
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Mean followed by the same letter (s) in each column are not significantly differed at 0.05 levels of probaility
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