Abido, A., Radwan, F., Shaben, E., Abdel Gabr, N. (2016). Effect of Mineral, Organic and Bio-fertilization on Growth and Production of Moringa (Moringa oleifera, L.) Plants. Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 21(2), 308-324. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2016.188237
Ali Ibrahim Abido; Fathy Ibrahim Radwan; Elsaid Hussein Shaben; Nezar Abdelkhalek Abdel Gabr. "Effect of Mineral, Organic and Bio-fertilization on Growth and Production of Moringa (Moringa oleifera, L.) Plants". Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 21, 2, 2016, 308-324. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2016.188237
Abido, A., Radwan, F., Shaben, E., Abdel Gabr, N. (2016). 'Effect of Mineral, Organic and Bio-fertilization on Growth and Production of Moringa (Moringa oleifera, L.) Plants', Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 21(2), pp. 308-324. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2016.188237
Abido, A., Radwan, F., Shaben, E., Abdel Gabr, N. Effect of Mineral, Organic and Bio-fertilization on Growth and Production of Moringa (Moringa oleifera, L.) Plants. Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 2016; 21(2): 308-324. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2016.188237
Effect of Mineral, Organic and Bio-fertilization on Growth and Production of Moringa (Moringa oleifera, L.) Plants
1Plant Production Dept. Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha) Alexandria University
2Medicinal and Aromatic Res. Dept. A.R.C. Alexandria, Egypt of Medicinal and Aromatic plants
Abstract
Two filed experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University at Abees region, Alexandria, Egypt during the two growing seasons of 2014 and 2015 to study theeffect of mineral, organic and bio-fertilization on growth and productivity of moringa plants (Moringa oleifera, Lam).The experimental design was split plot were three replicates. The main plot were conducted for the five combination of organic manure plus mineral fertilizer of (100% organic, 75% organic manure + 25% mineral, 50% organic manure + 50% mineral, 25% organic manure + 75% mineral and 100% mineral), while, the four bio-fertilization treatments were uninoculation, phosphorein, A- mycorrhizal and cerealine were arranged in the sub-plot. The main results could be summarized as follows: (1) The application of 75% organic manure + 25% mineral; gave the highest mean values of all studied characters, (2) the application of 75% organic manure + 25% mineral with A- mycorrhizal inoculation was the best combination to obtain the highest mean values of plant height, stem length, stem diameter, number of branches /plant, fresh and dry weights/plant, K (%), total carbohydrate (%) and vitamin (C). However, all traits under study increased significantly due to inoculation treatments over the application 100% mineral with uninoculation treatments.
Moringa (Moringa oleifera) is well known for its multi-purpose attributes, wide actaplability and case of establishment. Every part of the plant is of food value, moringa leaves contain seven times more vitamin-C than oranges, four times more calcium than milk, four times more vitamin-A than carrot, three times more potassium than banana and two times more milk. Hence, it is considered as a powerhouse of nutritional value (Morton, 1991). The seeds are also used for oil productions; this oil is used in art, cosmetics and medicine; and can be consumed as food. Bio-fertilizers are microbial inoculants used for application to either seeds or soil for increasing soil fertility with objective of increasing the number of such micro- organisms and to accelerate ecertain microbial processes (Mazher, et al. 2014).
Fertilization is one of the most important factors limiting the productivity of plants. The intensive use of expensive mineral fertilizers in recent gears results in environmental pollution problems. However, chemical fertilizers at extremely high rates for a long period decreased the potential activity of microflora. (Adeoye et al., 2005).
Additionally, organic manures in the form of compost, animal manure, farmyard manure (FYM) and green manure organic materials are generally added to soils to improve their physical and chemical properties. They enhance the soil fertility by their composition of macro and micro-elements, amino acid, organic acids, sugars and organic matter (Abou El-Fadi, 1968). Furthermore, biofertilization is an important factor being used to produce products without some mineral fertilizer that cause environmental pollution problems and high rates of it leads in decrease the potential activity of microflora and the mobility of organic matters. Hence, the attention has been focused on the researches of biofertilization to safe alternative specific chemical fertilizers. Biofertilizers play vital role of increasing the number of microorganisms and accelerate certain of microbial process in the rhizosphere of inoculated soil of plants which can change the available form of some nutrients to be plants (Anjorin et al., 2010; Adebayo et al., 2011; Attia et al., 2014). This research, however, in an attempt to find out the best fertilization treatments, i.e. mineral fertilizer plus organic manure and biofertilizer on the vegetative growth and chemical composition of moringa (Moringa oleifera).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present investigation was carried out during both seasons of 2014 and 2015 at Abees Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural (Saba Basha), Alexandria University. A filed experimental was designed to study theeffect of mineral, organic and bio-fertilization on growth and production of Moringa plants.
Some physical and chemical properties of the experimental field soil and organic matter during the two seasons were done and the data are shown in Tables (1 and 2).
Regarding the cultivated of Moringa oleifera plant look place the research and production station, Cairo (National Research Center). However, planted in 2.5 x 2.5 meter space. Mineral fertilizer was applied at 600 g/tree of ammonium nitrate (33.5%N), 250 g/tree of calcium super-phosphate (15.5% P2O5) and 300g/tree of potaium sulphate (50% K2O). 1.5 kg sheep manure with 400 g biofertilizer (phosphorein and cerealine) and and cerealine) liter of A- mycorrhizal, and rate of calcium superphosphate were mixed with 0.15 m depth of top soil around the tree trunk at one dose at March, while nitrogen and potassium fertilizer were applied in three equal doses at April, May and June.
The applied treatments were a follow:
1.Fertilization
100 % organic
75% organic manure + 25% mineral
50% organic manure + 50% mineral
25% organic manure + 75% mineral
100% mineral
Table (1). Some physical and chemical properties of the experimental soil in 2014 and 2015 seasons
Soil properties
Season
2014
2015
A) Mechanical analyses :
Clay %
Sand %
Silt %
42.50
16.50
41.00
43.00
15.80
41.20
Soil texture
Clay loam soil
B) Chemical properties
pH ( 1 : 1)
EC (dS/m)
7.60
2.20
7.80
2.30
1) Soluble cations (1:2) (cmol/kg soil)
K+
Ca++
Mg++
Na++
0.90
4.20
3.10
8.20
0.92
4.25
3.20
8.15
2) Soluble anions (1 : 2) (cmol/kg soil)
CO3--+ HCO3-
Cl-
SO4—
Calcium carbonate (%)
Total nitrogen (%)
Available phosphate (mg/kg)
Organic matter (%)
2.80
11.30
0.48
7.80
0.48
3.60
0.95
2.70
11.50
0.50
7.90
0.49
3.70
0.90
Table (2). Analysis of the applied organic manure (sheep manure).
Properties of organic manure
Value
pH
O.M %
O.C %
Total N%
Total P%
Total K%
C/N ratio
7.2
35.5
22.6
2.05
1.20
1.50
13.0:1
1.Biofertilizers treatments were randomly distributed in the sub plot a follows:
Without inoculation (control)
Inoculation with cerealine: An inoculate for all crops containing of Azospirillum pp. (10 cell/g), Azotobacter chrooococum.
Inoculation with phosphorein: An inoculate for all crops containing of (Bacillus megatherium) soluble calcium phosphate. These inoculations are produced by the General Organization for Agriculture Equalization Ministry of Agriculture and land Reclamination Egypt (Ismali et al., 2009).
Inoculation of A- mycorrhizal fungi: inoculants for Moringa with fungi (Glomus mcrocarpium) strain from plant production Dept. (Saba Basha) Alex. Univ., at a rate of 250ml of infected roots and was mixed with tress of Moringa plants.
The plants were harvested 3 times per seasons i.e. August 10th September 10th in the first and second seasons by cutting the vegetative parts.
The following data of vegetative growth were recorded:
Plant height (cm), stem length (cm), stem diameter (cm), number of branches /plant, shoot fresh weight (g) and shoot dry weight (g).
The chemical compositions were recorded as following:
For these analyses, the leaves were dried at 70°C for 48hr., and ground. Leaves (0.5 g) were digested with sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide H2SO4+H2O2 according to the method of (Lowther, 1980)and the following determining were carried out in the digested solution to determine the following:
Nitrogen content (N%)
Nitrogen was determined in digested plant material colorimetrically by Nessler`smethod (Chapman and Pratt, 1978). Nessler solution (35 g KI/100 ml d.w. + 20g HgCl2 / 500 ml d.w.) +120 g NaOH / 250 ml d.w. Reading was achieved using wave length of 420 nm and N was determined as percentage as follows:
% N = NH4 % x 0.776485
Phosphorus content (P %)
Phosphorus was determined by the Vanadomolyate yellow methodas given by Jackson (1973) and the intensity of color developed was read in spectrophotometer at 405nm.
Potassium content (K %)
Potassium was determined according to the method described by method Jackson (1973) using Beckman Flame photometer.
Total soluble carbohydrates were determined, quantitatively, in the herb of sage by Anthron method according to Yemm and Willis (1954) as follows:
Extraction was carried out by grinding dry matter in Mahadavaine buffer (sodium citrate buffer, pH 6.8). Extracts were homogenized for 3 minutes and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 min. the supernatant was then used to determine total soluble carbohydrates.
Protein was determined by estimating the total nitrogen in the herbs and multiplied by 6.25 to obtain the percentage according to AOAC (1990).
The ascorbic acid content of the juice was determined by titration with 4, 6 dichloro phenol-indo-phenol (AOAC, 1984) and calculated as milli-grams per 100 ml of juice.
The obtained data were statistically analyzed according toGomez and Gomez (1984). The least significantly differences test (L.S.D.) at 0.05 was used in compare between means of the different treatments.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A) Vegetative growth
The obtained results, given in Tables (3, 4 and 5) clearly show that combination of mineral plus organic manure fertilizer exhibited a significant effect on all estimated traits at the achieved three cuts during both seasons. Application of 75% organic manure + 25% mineral, significantly, increased plant height, stem length, stem diameter, number of branches /plant, shoot fresh and shoot dry weight/plant at the three cuts during both seasons. These results may be due to the nutritional benefits of organic manure which include improvement of soil fertility, water holding capacity and organic matter and response to organic manure attributed to increasing nitrogen nutrition as indicated by increased concentration in plant tissues (Dania et al., 2014).
Inoculation of A- mycorrhizal fungi, significantly, increased plant height, stem length, stem diameter, number of branches /plant, shoot fresh and shoot dry weight/plant at three cuts during both seasons in comparison to uninoculation treatments (control). It could be concluded that A- mycorrhizal fungi inoculation treatment promoted the production of moringa growth. However, these events could be attributed to more adsorption of nutrients which reflected more on growth, more cell division and enlargement more of tissue and organs and plant elongation. Also, the phosphate solubilizing bacteria and nitrogen fixing may increases. The synthesis of endogenous phytohormones, i.e. IAA, GAs and CKs which play an important role in formation of mass active root system which allow more nutrients uptake. The previous results agree, more or less, with the findings of Rajendrn et al. (2000) on Cassuasin equisetifolia, Manorama et al. (2007) on Acaci mellifera and Attia et al. (2014) on Moringa oleifera.
The interaction between organic manure + mineral and bio-fertilization was significant and affected all traits at the three cuts during both seasons (Tables 3, 4 and 5). Tables (6 and 7) decleard, the application of 75% organic manure+ 25% mineral, resulted in the highest shoot fresh and shoot dry weight mean values with inoculation with A- mycorrhizal.
Table (3).Plant height (cm) and stem length (cm) as affected by mineral-organic and biofertilization at the three cuts in 2014 and 2015 seasons.
Treatments
Plant height (cm)
Stem length (cm)
2014 Season
2015 Season
2014
2015
1st cut
2nd cut
3th cut
1st cut
2nd cut
3th cut
1st cut
2nd cut
3th cut
1st cut
2nd cut
3th cut
A) Mineral + Organic
100% Organic
75% org. + 25% mineral
50 % org. + 50% mineral
25% org. +75% mineral
100% mineral
100.24e
106.25a
102.30b
101.46c
100.72d
111.65d
118.06a
114.75b
112.75c
111.92cd
124.10cd
131.18a
127.12b
125.27c
123.54d
111.65d
118.04a
114.42b
112.88c
111.91d
121.05d
131.18a
127.13b
125.38c
125.18c
134.83d
115.75a
141.25b
139.16c
137.25c
71.70b
79.16a
64.09c
57.67d
52.23e
89.30b
98.95a
80.15c
72.09d
64.92e
111.47b
123.70a
100.19c
90.17d
81.15e
79.14b
87.95a
71.21c
64.13d
58.03e
98.37b
109.94a
89.05c
80.08d
73.13e
123.69b
137.42a
111.32c
100.09d
90.16e
LSD 0.05
0.44
1.05
1.25
0.40
1.70
2.05
3.10
4.50
6.30
3.70
4.70
6.90
B) Bio-fertilization
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
92.44d
101.43b
112.52a
99.92e
102.73d
116.26b
125.03a
111.29c
114.12d
125.89b
138.92a
122.70c
102.71d
116.23b
124.96a
111.15c
114.12d
129.85b
138.92a
123.36c
126.73d
143.33b
154.33a
136.33c
60.66d
66.27b
69.51a
63.43c
75.85d
82.45b
86.71a
79.29c
94.96d
103.08b
108.04a
99.11c
67.43d
73.56b
76.89a
70.49c
84.88c
93.61b
96.13a
84.99c
105.10d
114.53b
120.14a
110.06c
LSD 0.05
1.02
2.10
2.30
1.50
2.20
2.50
2.40
3.10
3.90
2.20
3.30
4.10
Interaction
AxB
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Means of each factor designated by the same letter not significantly different at 5% using least significant difference at 5% level using (L.S.D.) test
*: Significant at 0.05 level of probability.
Table (4). Stem diameter (cm) and number of branches/plant as affected by mineral-organic andbiofertilizationat the three cutsin 2014 and 2015 seasons.
Treatments
Stem diameter (cm)
Number of branches/plant
2014 Season
2015 son
2014
2015
1st cut
2nd cut
3th cut
1st cut
2nd cut
3th cut
1st cut
2nd cut
3th cut
1st cut
2nd cut
3th cut
A)Mineral + Organic
100% Organic
75% org. + 25% mineral
50 % org. + 50% mineral
25% org. +75% mineral
100% mineral
1.97b
2.20a
1.99ab
1.61d
1.66c
2.20b
2.45a
2.02c
1.79d
1.84d
3.15b
3.50a
2.86c
2.57d
2.31e
2.20b
2.44a
2.21b
1.79d
1.86c
2.44b
2.72a
2.20c
1.99d
1.88d
3.52b
3.88a
3.16c
2.85d
2.57e
8.59c
8.93a
8.78b
7.89d
7.24e
9.70b
9.93a
9.75b
8.78d
7.89c
10.77b
11.03a
10.84b
9.75c
8.69d
9.68b
9.93a
9.75b
8.86c
8.04d
10.76b
11.03a
10.83b
9.75c
8.77d
11.96b
12.26a
12.04b
10.83c
9.74d
LSD 0.05
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.05
0.13
0.25
0.06
0.10
0.16
0.11
0.17
0.19
B) Bio-fertilization
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
1.30d
2.01b
2.36a
1.88c
1.44d
2.26b
2.63a
1.90c
2.07d
3.21b
3.76a
2.47c
1.44d
2.24b
2.62a
2.08c
1.30d
2.49b
2.91a
1.97c
2.29d
3.56b
4.17a
2.74c
7.11d
8.60b
9.45a
8.08e
7.90d
9.55b
10.46a
8.90c
8.79d
10.61b
11.55a
9.89c
7.91d
9.55b
10.51a
9.05c
8.78d
10.61b
11.62a
9.89c
9.76d
11.79b
12.91a
10.99c
LSD 0.05
0.04
0.11
0.20
0.14
0.23
0.30
0.11
0.13
0.18
0.20
0.25
0.40
Interaction
AxB
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Means of each factor designated by the same letter not significantly different at 5% using least significant difference at 5% level using (L.S.D.) test
*: Significant at 0.05 level of probability.
Table (5). Fresh of shoot weight (g) and shoot dry weight (g) as affected by mineral-organic and biofertilizationat the three cuts in 2014 and 2015 seasons.
Treatments
Shoot fresh weight (g)
Shoot dry weight (g)
2014 Season
2015 son
2014
2015
1st cut
2nd cut
3th cut
1st cut
2nd cut
3th cut
1st cut
2nd cut
3th cut
1st cut
2nd cut
3th cut
A) Mineral + Organic
100% Organic
75% org. + 25% mineral
50 % org. + 50% mineral
25% org. +75% mineral
100% mineral
81.27b
90.58a
73.36c
66.72d
59.43e
101.85b
113.22a
91.70c
82.62d
74.28e
127.35b
136.41a
114.64c
103.18d
93.61e
90.57b
100.64a
86.51c
73.47d
66.02
113.35b
125.63a
101.94c
91.54d
82.70e
141.53b
154.45a
127.31c
114.63d
103.17e
16.30b
18.11a
14.67c
13.20d
11.83e
20.38b
22.64a
18.34c
16.51d
14.85e
25.48b
29.06a
22.93c
20.72d
18.59e
18.19b
20.14a
16.30c
14.67d
13.19e
22.64b
25.16a
19.54c
18.34d
16.50e
28.31b
31.448a
25.48c
22.93d
21.48e
LSD 0.05
3.10
5.10
6.20
3.60
5.50
7.20
0.85
1.10
1.18
1.03
1.15
1.30
B) Bio-fertilization
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
66.04d
75.79b
83.81a
71.07c
83.62d
94.74b
104.77a
88.84c
103.20d
118.40b
130.94a
111.05c
73.38d
84.21b
93.12a
78.97c
91.70d
105.23b
116.40a
98.41c
114.66d
131.59b
145.45a
123.40c
13.29d
15.16b
16.76a
14.34c
16.51d
18.94b
20.91a
17.77c
20.64d
23.75b
26.20a
22.22c
14.67d
16.76b
18.62a
15.78c
17.67d
21.05b
23.18a
19.74c
22.93d
26.35b
29.78a
24.67c
LSD 0.05
2.80
4.40
6.30
3.10
5.10
6.50
1.00
1.10
1.30
1.05
1.10
1.45
Interaction
AxB
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Means of each factor designated by the same letter not significantly different at 5% using least significant difference at 5% level using (L.S.D.) test
*: Significant at 0.05 level of probability.
Table (6). Interaction between mineral+organic and biofertilization on shoots fresh weight/ plant (g) for moranga plant at three cuts during 2014 and 2015 seasons.
Treatments
Shoots fresh weight /plant (g)
2014 Season
2015 Season
Org.+mineral
Biofertilization
1stcut
2ndcut
3thcut
1stcut
2ndcut
3thcut
100% org.
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
72.57
83.29
92.10
78.10
90.72
104.11
115.13
97.63
11.42
130.16
143.81
121.98
80.64
92.54
102.33
86.78
100.80
115.80
127.92
108.48
126.00
144.60
159.90
185.60
75%org.+25%mineral
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
80.64
92.84
102.34
86.76
100.30
115.68
127.92
108.48
126.00
144.44
159.90
85.60
89.60
102.88
113.70
96.42
114.66
128.20
142.13
120.53
140.00
160.66
177.66
150.66
50%org.+50%mineral
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
65.31
74.95
92.88
70.29
81.65
93.70
103.61
87.83
102.06
117.13
129.52
109.84
72.57
83.28
92.10
78.10
90.91
104.11
115.12
97.63
113.40
130.14
143.64
122.04
25%org.+75%mineral
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
58.78
67.46
74.59
63.26
73.82
84.32
93.25
79.08
91.86
105.42
116.57
98.86
65.31
74.95
88.88
70.29
81.65
93.65
103.60
87.86
102.06
117.12
129.51
109.83
100%mineral
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
52.90
60.73
67.14
56.94
66.13
75.89
83.92
71.71
82.66
94.87
104.91
88.97
58.78
67.46
74.59
63.26
73.48
84.99
93.25
79.08
91.85
105.41
116.56
98.85
LSD 0.05
3.30
5.40
6.50
3.50
5.70
7.40
Table (7). Interaction between mineral+organic and biofertilization on shoots dry weight/ plant (g) for moranga plants at three cuts during 2014 and 2015 seasons.
Treatments
Shoots dry weight /plant
2014 Season
2015 Season
Org. + mineral
Biofertilization
1st cut
2ndcut
3th cut
1st cut
2nd cut
3th cut
100%org.
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
14.52
16.65
18.41
15.61
18.14
20.82
23.02
19.52
22.68
26.03
28.78
24.41
16.13
18.50
20.46
17.35
20.16
23.13
25.58
21.69
25.20
28.92
31.98
27.12
75%org.+25%mineral
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
16.12
18.51
20.46
17.35
20.16
23.13
25.58
21.69
25.20
28.92
31.98
27.14
17.91
20.56
22.74
19.28
22.40
25.70
28.42
24.10
28.00
32.26
35.53
30.13
50 % org.+50%mineral
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
13.06
14.99
16.57
14.06
16.33
18.73
20.72
17.57
20.41
23.43
25.90
21.96
14.51
16.65
18.41
15.62
14.80
20.81
23.02
19.52
22.67
26.02
28.78
24.40
25%org.+75%mineral
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
11.75
13.49
14.92
12.65
14.69
16.86
18.65
15.82
18.37
21.41
23.31
19.79
13.06
14.99
16.52
14.05
16.32
18.74
20.72
17.57
20.41
23.45
25.40
21.90
100%mineral
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
10.58
12.14
13.42
11.38
13.22
15.18
16.78
14.23
16.54
18.97
21.03
17.79
11.75
13.49
14.91
12.62
14.69
16.86
18.64
15.81
18.37
21.08
26.70
19.76
LSD (0.05)
1.08
1.15
1.28
1.06
1.20
1.47
B) Chemical composition
Data presented in Tables (8 and 9) indicated that organic manure plus mineral fertilizers significantly affected nitrogen (%), phosphorus (%), potassium (%), protein (%), total carbohydrate (%) and vitamin (C) in both seasons. Application of 75% organic manure + 25% mineral; gave rise the highest mean values of all studied chemical composition parameters as compared with application 100 % mineral fertilizer in both seasons.
The increment in chemical composition of moringa leaves using the treatments of organic manure may be owing attributed to increase in the occupancy root zone of plant result of adding organic manure which reflected on N, P and K uptake by plant and confirm the pervious of vegetative growth. Similar results were obtained by Prabhakar and Hebbar (2007), Adebayo et al. (2011) on Moringa oleifera, Makinde (2013) on moringa plant and Attia et al. (2014) on moringa plant.
Concerning the bio-fertilization, treatments in Tables (8 and 9) revealed that inoculation moringa plants with bio-fertilization, increased all the studied of chemical composition in both seasons compared to uninoculated moringa (control).
It can, also, be suggested to use combined biofertilizer including phosphorein, A- mycorrhizal and cerealine biofertilizer including all biofertilizer to produce a high quality moringa trees. Several reports on biofertilizer utilization have emphasized that a single inoculation showed higher productivity than uninoculation treatment (control). Shah et al. (2006), Attia et al. (2014) and Mazher et al. (2014).
The interaction between combination organic manure and mineral and bio-fertilization were significant for N, P and K % in both seasons (Table 10). Application of 75% organic manure+ 25% mineral, gave the highest mean values of N% with cerealine, P% with phosphorein and K% with A- mycorrhizal inoculation as compared with was uninoculation treatment.
The significant differences for the interaction between combination organic manure plus mineral and bio-fertilization in both seasons due to application of 75% organic manure+ 25% mineral, brought about the greatest protein percentage with treatment of cerealine biofertilizer and total carbohydrate (%), vitamin (C) with A- mycorrhizal in both seasons (Table 11).
In conclusion, some organs of moringa are good source important minerals and these plants might be explored as a viable supplement and ready source of dietary minerals in animal and human food. There was a significant variation in macro and microelements in moringa leaves. Also, the application of 75% organic manure+ 25% mineral gave the highest vegetative growth and chemical composition with A- mycorrhizal inoculation.
Table (8). Nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium percentages as affected by mineral-organic and biofertilization in 2014 and 2015 seasons.
Treatments
2014 Season
2015 Season
N %
P %
K %
N %
P %
K %
A)Mineral + Organic
100% Organic
75% org. + 25% mineral
50 % org. + 50% mineral
25% org. +75% mineral
100% mineral
2.91b
3.22a
2.62c
2.35d
2.12e
0.400b
0.450a
0.360c
0.320d
0.290e
2.35b
2.61a
2.11c
1.91d
1.96d
3.23b
3.61a
2.91c
2.61d
2.35e
0.448b
0.498a
0.403c
0.355d
0.318e
2.61b
2.90a
2.33c
2.12d
2.17d
LSD 0.05
0.10
0.012
0.11
0.11
0.040
0.19
B) Bio-fertilization
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
2.19c
2.57b
2.67b
3.16a
0.250d
0.472a
0.410b
0.326c
2.04d
2.15c
2.40a
2.25b
2.43c
2.85b
2.92b
3.51a
0.280d
0.520a
0.452b
0.364c
2.16c
2.38b
2.66a
2.48b
LSD 0.05
0.11
0.015
0.08
0.12
0.050
0.17
Interaction
AxB
*
*
*
*
*
*
Means of each factor designated by the same letter not significantly different at 5% using least significant difference at 5% level using (L.S.D.) test
*: Significant at 0.05 level of probability.
Table (9). Protein (%), vitamin (C)and total carbohydrate (%)as affected by mineral-organic and biofertilization in 2014 and 2015 seasons.
Treatments
2014 Season
2015 Season
Protein %
Vitamin (C) mg/100
ml juice
Total carbohydrate %
Protein %
Vitamin (C) mg/100 ml juice
Total carbohydrate %
A) Mineral + Organic
100% Organic
75% org.+25% mineral50%org.+50%mineral
25% org.75% mineral
100% mineral
18.60b
20.22a
16.36c
14.71d
13.25e
0.526b
0.584a
0.467c
0.420d
0.409d
19.79b
22.06a
17.87c
16.10d
14.47e
20.20b
22.47a
18.18c
16.34d
14.70e
0.584b
0.648a
0.519c
0.467d
0.454d
22.06h
24.51a
19.85c
17.87d
16.08e
LSD 0.05
1.10
0.35
1.30
1.20
0.052
1.45
B) Bio-fertilization
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
14.02c
16.05b
16.67b
19.70a
0.449d
0.497b
0.514a
0.466c
14.27d
19.02b
22.03a
16.90c
15.20c
17.83b
18.51b
21.95a
0.497c
0.552a
0.570a
0.518b
15.85d
21.14b
24.54a
18.78c
LSD (0.05)
1.20
0.015
1.50
1.30
0.040
1.90
Interaction
AxB
*
*
*
*
*
*
Means of each factor designated by the same letter not significantly different at 5% using least significant difference at 5% level using (L.S.D.) test
*: Significant at 0.05 level of probability.
Table (10). Interaction between mineral+organic and biofertilization on macronutrients (N, P and K %) for moranga plants in 2014 and 2015 seasons.
Treatments
N%
P%
K%
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
Org. + mineral
Biofertilization
100% Org.
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
2.41
2.83
2.93
3.48
2.67
3.13
3.25
3.66
0.28
0.52
0.45
0.36
0.31
0.58
0.50
0.40
2.13
2.36
2.64
2.27
2.36
2.62
2.93
2.51
75% org. + 25% mineral
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
2.68
3.14
3.26
5.86
2.97
3.49
3.62
4.29
0.30
0.59
0.50
0.40
0.34
0.65
0.55
0.45
2.87
2.62
2.93
2.53
2.63
2.91
3.26
2.80
50 % org. + 50% mineral
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
2.16
2.54
2.64
3.13
2.40
2.82
2.93
3.47
0.25
0.47
0.40
0.32
0.28
0.52
0.45
0.36
1.92
2.12
2.37
2.04
2.13
2.33
2.63
2.21
25% org. +75% mineral
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
1.94
2.28
2.37
2.81
2.16
2.54
2.63
3.12
0.22
0.41
0.57
0.29
0.25
0.45
0.40
0.32
1.73
1.91
2.13
1.85
1.92
2.12
2.37
2.05
100% mineral
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
1.75
2.06
2.13
2.53
1.94
2.28
2.37
2.81
0.20
0.37
0.33
0.26
0.22
0.40
0.36
0.29
1.57
1.75
1.92
2.58
1.74
1.94
2.13
2.86
LSD (0.05)
0.13
0.15
0.017
0.06
0.14
0.20
Table (11). Interaction between mineral+organic and biofertilization on Protein %, Vitamin (C) and Total carbohydrate %for moranga plants in 2014 and 2015 seasons.
Treatments
Protein (%)
Vitamin (C)
( mg/100 ml juice )
Total carbohydrate (%)
2014
2015
2014
2015
2014
2015
Org. + mineral
Biofertilization
100% Org.
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
16.72
17.64
18.32
21.73
16.72
19.60
20.35
24.14
0.488
0.543
0.562
0.509
0.543
0.604
0.624
0.566
15.68
20.89
24.00
18.57
17.42
23.22
26.97
20.64
75% org. + 25% mineral
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
16.74
19.63
20.36
24.16
18.60
21.81
22.62
26.85
0.542
0.604
0.624
0.566
0.603
0.671
0.688
0.629
17.42
23.22
26.47
20.64
19.36
25.80
29.96
22.93
50 % org. +50% mineral
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
13.53
15.88
16.49
19.55
15.03
17.64
18.31
21.77
0.434
0.482
0.494
0.452
0.483
0.536
0.554
0.503
14.11
18.80
21.84
16.72
15.68
20.89
24.27
18.57
25% org. +75% mineral
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
12.16
14.28
14.83
17.57
13.61
15.87
16.47
19.52
0.396
0.434
0.450
0.407
0.434
0.482
0.499
0.452
12.70
16.98
19.66
15.04
14.11
18.80
21.84
16.71
100% mineral
Uninoculation
Phosphorein
Mycorrhizal
Cerealine
10.93
12.84
13.33
15.80
12.14
14.27
14.81
17.56
0.380
0.422
0.436
0.396
0.422
0.469
0.480
0.440
11.43
15.23
17.69
13.54
12.09
16.91
19.66
15.04
LSD (0.05)
1.22
1.33
0.040
0.055
1.35
1.96
References
REFERENCES
Abou El-Fadi, M., S. G. Rizk, A. F. Abdel Ghani, M. K. El-Mofty, M. E. A. Khadr, S. M. Shehata nd F. A. Farg (1968).Utilization of water hyacinth as an organic manure with special reference to water-brone helminthes. J. Microbial A.R.F., 3(1):27-34.
Adebayo, A.G., H.A. Akintoye, O.O. Olufolaji, M.T. Aina, M.T. Olatunji and A.O. Shokalu (2011). Assessment of organic amendments on vegetative development and nutrient uptake of Moringa oleifera Lam in the nursery. Asian J. Plant Sci., 10(1):74-79.
Adeoye, D. A. and A. A. Aghools (2005). Critical level of soil plant available P, K, Zn, Mg, Cu and Mn on maize leaf content of sedimentary soil of South West Nigeria. Fert. Res., 6: 66-71.
Anjorin, T. S., P. Ikokoh nd S. Okolo (2010). Mineral composition of Moringa oleifera leaves, pods and seed from two regions in AbujaNigeria. Int. J. Agric. & Biol., 3:431-434.
AOAC (1990). Official method of analysis, fifteenth ed. association of official analytical chemists, Virginia, USA.
AOAC (1984). Official Method of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 14thed,Published by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, PO Box,540, Benjamin Franklin Station, Washington, dc.20044.
Attia, M. F., M.F.M. Shahin, M.A. Merwad, E. S. El-Hady and L. F. Haggag (2014). Effect of mineral, organic and bio-fertilization on productivity of moringa plant under saline conditions in North Sinai. Mid. East J. Appl. Sci., 4(4): 825-832.
Chapman, H. D. and P.F. Pratt (1978). Method of Analysis for Soil and Water. 2nd Ed., Chapter, 17:150-161. Uni. Calif. Div. Agric. Sci. USA.
Dania, S. O.; P. Akpansubi and O. O. Eghagara(2014). Comparative effects of different fertilizer sources on the growth and nutrient content of moringa (Moringa oleifera) seedling in a greenhouse trial. Adv. Agric., 1-6
Gomez, K. A. and A. A. Gomez (1984). Statistical procedure for agricultural research, jhon willey and sons. Inc. New York.
Ismali, A. G., E. M. Desouky, Y. Gomal, M. Gall, A. A. Arafa and Abou-Seer (2009). Effect of biofertilizers and organic phosphorus mendments on growth and essential oil of marjoram. Egypt Acad. J. Biol. Sci., 1(1):29-30.
Jackson, M.L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India. Private Limited, New Delhi, India, pp. 183–192.
Lowther, J. R. (1980). Use of a single sulphuric-hydrogen peroxide digest for the analysis of Pinus radiate needles. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 11: 175–188.S
Makinde, A. I. (2013). Effects of inorganic fertilizer on the growth and nutrient composition of moringa (Moringa oleifera). J. Emer. Trend Eng. & Appl. Sci., 4(2): 341–343.
Manorama, S., S. Paulsamy and D. Suresh (2007). Evaluation of seedlings of six tree species in lime mined soil by using some amendments. Range Manag. & Agrofor., 28(1): 21-24.
Mazher, A. A. M., N. G. Abdel-Aziz, R. S. El-Dabh, M. A. El-Khateeb and A. A. Abd El-Badaie (2014). Effect of Bio Fertilization on Growth and Constituents of Moringa oleifera Lam. Plants. Middle East J. Agric. Res., 3(4): 793-798.
Morton, J. F. (1991). The horseradish tree, Moringa pterygosperma (Moringaceae) a boon to arid lands. Econ. Bot., 45: 318-333.
Prabhakar, M. and S.S.Hebbar (2007). Studies on organic production technology of annual drumstick in a semiarid agro-ecosystem. ISHS Acta Hort., 752(1): 117, Hyderabad, India.
Rajendrn, K., V. Sugavanam and P. Devaraj(2000). Influence of biofertilizers on the biomss production of Cassuasin equisetifolia farm forestry. Bngladish J. Forest Sci., 29(1):26-36.
Shah, S. K.; R. P. Shah; H. L. Xu and U. K. Aryal (2006). Biofertilizers: an alternative source of nutrients for sustainable production of tree crops. J. Sustainable Agric., 29(2): 85-95.
Yemm, E.W. and A. J. Willis (1954). The estimation of carbohydrate in extracts by anthrone. Biochem. J., 57: 508 – 514.