Aboul-Nasr, A., Al-Fayoumy, M., Hussein, M., Elhabbab, A. (2016). Potential Application of Glomus Intraradices (AMF) and Different Isolates of PGPR (Biotol) to Enhance the Yield and Quality of Wheat Grown in The Field in Calcareous Soil Under Different Salinity Levels. Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 21(1), 150-181. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2016.188586
Amal Aboul-Nasr; Mohamed Esmat Al-Fayoumy; Magda Aboul-Magd Hussein; Ahmed Elhabbab. "Potential Application of Glomus Intraradices (AMF) and Different Isolates of PGPR (Biotol) to Enhance the Yield and Quality of Wheat Grown in The Field in Calcareous Soil Under Different Salinity Levels". Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 21, 1, 2016, 150-181. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2016.188586
Aboul-Nasr, A., Al-Fayoumy, M., Hussein, M., Elhabbab, A. (2016). 'Potential Application of Glomus Intraradices (AMF) and Different Isolates of PGPR (Biotol) to Enhance the Yield and Quality of Wheat Grown in The Field in Calcareous Soil Under Different Salinity Levels', Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 21(1), pp. 150-181. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2016.188586
Aboul-Nasr, A., Al-Fayoumy, M., Hussein, M., Elhabbab, A. Potential Application of Glomus Intraradices (AMF) and Different Isolates of PGPR (Biotol) to Enhance the Yield and Quality of Wheat Grown in The Field in Calcareous Soil Under Different Salinity Levels. Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 2016; 21(1): 150-181. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2016.188586
Potential Application of Glomus Intraradices (AMF) and Different Isolates of PGPR (Biotol) to Enhance the Yield and Quality of Wheat Grown in The Field in Calcareous Soil Under Different Salinity Levels
2Soil, Water and Environment Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, Nubaria Research Station
3Dept. of Soil and Agric, Chemistry, Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility, Fac. of Agric., Saba-Basha, Alexandria University, Egypt.
Abstract
Two field experiments were carried out at the farm of Nubaria Agricultural Research Station during the two winter seasons of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014, to study the effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices and the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Biotol) on growth, yield parameters and chemical contents of two wheat cultivars (Sakha 93 and Gemmeza 9) grown in calcareous soil under four levels of soil salinity and four rates of NPK mineral fertilizers. Results indicated that, wheat plants inoculated with AMF and Biotol together significantly decreased Na shoot content (mg/kg), increased NPK uptake, proline and salicylic acid contents, chlorophyll and grain protein at all the tested salinity levels compared to un-inoculated plants. Under normal salinity level (≤4 dSm-1), dual inoculation with AMF and Biotol resulted total grain yield to 6.5 and 6.7 t/ha for Sakha 93 and Gemmeza 9, respectively, in the presence of NPK100%with a percentage increases of 41 and 29 more than un-inoculated plants. Results clearly indicated that, proline and Salicylic acid content were significantly increased in dual inoculated plants in Sakha 93 comparing to Gemmeza 9 under soil salinity up to 8 dSm-1. The percentage increases were 38.6 and 37.54 for proline and 192.57 and 135.42 for salicylic acid in case of Sakha 93 and Gemmeza 9, respectively, in the presence of NPK75% and soil salinity 8-12 dSm-1. No significant differences were observed among plants inoculated with G. intraradices and PGPR either in the presence of 75 or 100% of the recommended dose of NPK. Summing up it could be concluded that inoculation with AMF and Biotol successfully improve the growth, yield and salt stress tolerance of the tested cultivars in calcareous soil.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important cereal crop in Egypt. Increasing wheat production is an essential national target to fill the gap between production and consumption (Tawfik et al. 2006).Salinity is one of the most brutal environmental factors limiting the productivity of crop plants because most of them are sensitive to salinity caused by high concentrations of salts in the soil (Shrivastava and Kumar, 2015). Salinity affects almost all aspects of plant development including: germination, vegetative growth and reproductive development. Soil salinity imposes ion toxicity, osmotic stress, nutrient (N, Ca, K, P, Fe, and Zn) deficiency and oxidative stress on plants, and thus limits water uptake from soil, some elements, such as sodium, chlorine, and boron besides having specific toxic effects on plants. Excessive accumulation of sodium in cell walls can rapidly lead to osmotic stress and cell death (Munns et al. 2002). Salinity and drought stresses inhibit the production of auxins, gibberellins, and zeatin in the roots and leaves of plants (Sakhabutdinova et al. 2003; Figueiredo et al. 2008; Perez-Alfocea et al., 2010).Calcareous soils occupy wide areas in the North African countries such as Egypt. These soils have a high percentage of calcium carbonate and normally basic in their reaction. Low soil fertility and nutrients deficiency in calcareous soils are very common and could be considered the main constraints for agricultural production in some cases (Hilal et al. 1990; Awad et al. 1996).Several strategies have been developed in order to decrease the toxic effects caused by high salinity on plant growth, such as mycorrhizal fungi (Cho et al. 2006 and Kohler et al. 2009) and plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) (Kohler et al. 2006 and Dimkpa et al. 2009).
Under salt stress conditions, plant tolerance and production are complicated mechanisms. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi employ different mechanisms to enhance salt tolerance of host plants such as enhancing nutrient acquisition (P, N, Mg and Ca) (Azcon and El-Atrash 1997; Giri and Mukerji 2004 and Sheng et al., 2009), inhibiting high uptake of Na and Cl and their transport to plant shoots (Dai et al. 2009), improving water uptake (Ruiz-Lozano and Azcon 2000), accumulating of proline and polyamines (Evelin et al. 2009) and increasing some of enzymatic antioxidant defense system (SOD and CAT) (Wu etal. 2010). Other arbuscular mycorrhizal mechanisms may include an osmotic adjustment, which assist in maintaining the leaf turgor pressure, and effects on the photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency (Juniper and Abbott, 1993).
Tank and Saraf (2010) showed that PGPRs which are able to solubilize phosphate, produce phytohormones and siderophores in salt condition promote growth of tomato plants under 2% NaCl stress. PGPR are able to increase AM fungal development by affecting root colonization as well as by enhancing plant N and P uptake (Artursson et al. 2006 and Richardson et al. 2009). There are different examples of enhanced associations between different bacterial strains including Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas and Rhizobia and different AM species including G. clarum, G. intraradices, G. mosseae, and G. versiforme (Artursson et al. 2006). These stimulating effects include the growth of fungi and germination of then spores, respectively, root colonization of the host plant by AM fungi, the solubilization of phosphate, and the suppression of pathogens (Artursson et al. 2006).
The external hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi, which were about 100 times finer than wheat roots and 10 times finer than root hairs, access sites normally not permeable by roots or root hairs, thus reducing the P diffusion distances and increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption. Also, the length of external hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi can be a good predictor of its relative ability to take up P (Manske et al. 2000).Proline levels were found to be increased significantly with salinity stress in mycorrhizal plants when compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. Marked increase in proline occurs in many plants during moderate or severe salt stress and this accumulation, mainly as a result of increased proline biosynthesis, is usually the most outstanding change among free amino acids (Hurkman et al. 1989). Salicylic acid (SA), a plant phenolic compound is considered as a hormone like endogenous regulator, and its role in the defence mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses has been well characterized (Szalai et al. 2009).The aim of this investigation is to study the effect of inoculation with Glomus intraradices and/or with different isolates of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Biotol) on growth, yield and chemical contents of two wheat cultivars grown under four levels of soil salinity in calcareous soil.
Materials and methods
Soil physicochemical characteristic
of the surface layers (0-30 cm) of the experimental field were as follows pH: 8.28-8.39, CaCO3 %: 23.29-24.34, O.M. %: 0.30-.045, available N: 50.48-40.36 mg/kg, available P: 3.59-3.00 mg/kg and available K: 107.13-85.96 mg/kg. Soil texture was sandy loam (Page et al. 1982 and Klute, 1986).
Wheat seeds:
Two wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.) cultivars, Sakha 93 and Gemmeza 9, were provided from the Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt.
Isolation of microorganisms and inoculums preparation
1. The mycorrhizal strain Glomus intraradices, isolated from the Experimental Station of Alexandria University at Abies, (Aboul- Nasr, 1993), was used in both experiments. The inoculum consists of expanded clay aggregates (2-4 mm in diameter, leca), containing chlamydospores and fungus mycelium, which had been produced on Tageteserecta L. (Aboul-Nasr, 2004). Inoculant was thrown at the rate of 100 g per plot under wheat grains. The control plants received the same amount of heat sterilized expanded clay.
2. Biotol was used as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Biotol contains a mixture of Bacillus megaterium, B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides, Paenibacillus graminis and P. borealis. It was obtained from the Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute – Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. It has added to the ground with the first irrigation after 25 days from sowing.
NPK fertilizers:
Four different rates of NPK fertilizers were used in this study (NPKzero, NPK50%, NPK75% and NPK100% of the recommended dose). The recommended doses of N, P2O5 and K2O fertilizers are 240, 108 and 57.6 kg/ha, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer (Ammonium nitrate 33.5 % N) was added twice in equal doses, at 25 and 45 days after sowing. Mono-calcium phosphate (15.5 % P2O5) was added at the time of soil preparation at one dose. Potassium sulphate (48 % K2O) was added at 45 days after sowing.
Soil salinity levels:
Four places with different salinity levels (EC dSm-1: average 2.8, 5.3, 7.6 and 10.5) were used in these experiments during the two growing seasons.
Field experiment:
Two field experiments were carried out during two winter seasons of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 at the Agricultural Research Station of Nubaria. The field experiments were laid out in a split–split –plot design with three replicates.
The following parameters were measured:
The percentage of mycorrhizal root length colonization
was estimated when plants were 45, 90 and 120 days old, according to Koske and Gemma (1989). The percentage of AM root colonization was estimated according to Giovannetti and Mosse (1980).
1000 grains weight (g).
1000-grain weight was expressed as the weight of 1000 clean grains in grams.
Grain yield t/ha.
Grain yield was obtained by harvesting one square meter from each sub-sub plot. Plots were bundled, threshed, and then the grain were cleaned and weighted.
Chemical analysis
Plant samples were taken from each plot, at the suitable age, washed with running tap water, then distilled water. Samples were dried at 65ºC till the weight constant. After dryness, the plant samples were milled well and stored for analysis. 0.5g of plant powder was wet-digested with H2SO4 – H2O2 digest (Lowther, 1980) and the following determinations were carried out in the digested solution.
Shoot Na content
It was carried out according to the method described by (Jackson, 1973) using Beckman flame photometer.
Nitrogen uptake (kg/ha) and N % in grains
Total nitrogen was determined in digested wheat leaves colormeterically by Nessler's method (Chapman and Pratt, 1978) using 1 ml of nessler solution (35g KI/100 ml d.w + 20g HgCl2/500 ml d.w) +120g NaOH/250 ml d.w. Reading was achieved using wave length at 420 nm by spectrophotometer (Model 390, Agricultural Microbiology Lab at the Faculty of Agricultural Saba-Basha). The percentage of total nitrogen was calculated as follows:
% N = NH4% × 0.7764857
Nitrogen uptake was calculated by multiplication of the N content × plant dry wt. (g).
The same method was use in case of determination N% in grains.
Phosphorus uptake (kg/ha)
It was determined in shoots during both seasons by a mixture of sulphuric, nitric and perchloric acids (1: 10: 40 v: v: v) to determine the total phosphorus in wet ash. Phosphorus was determined by the Vanadomolybdate yellow method (Jackson, 1958) using Millton Ray spectronic 21 D. Phosphorus uptake was calculated by multiplication the P content × plant dry wt. (g).
Potassium uptake (kg/ha)
Total potassium content in plant shoots and grains was determined using a mixture of sulphuric, nitric and perchloric acids (1: 10: 40 v: v: v) according to the method described by (Jackson, 1973) using Beckman flame photometer. Potassium uptake was calculated by multiplication the K content × plant dry wt. (g).
Determination of chlorophyll index (SPAD)
Chlorophyll indexwas measured by chlorophyll meter device (SPAD 502) Ganji Arjenaki et al. (2012).
Determination of protein content in grains (%)
Protein was determined as percentage as follows: protein % = N % x 6.24
Determination of proline (mg/g dry wt.)
The content of proline was determined according to Umbreit et al. (1972) using the same extract prepared previously for the determination of total proteins and total soluble carbohydrates. 0.5 ml of extract, 1 ml citrate buffer (pH 5), 0.5 ml ninhydrine and 3.5 ml isopropanol solution were added. The optical density was measured spectrophotometerically at 450nm for proline, 492 nm for phenylalanine and 515 nm for arginine. In addition, 0.5 ml of distilled water was used instead of extract in reference cuvette. The concentration of each amino acid was determined according to the prepared standard curves of each corresponding amino acids.
Determination of salicylic acids (mg/100g root dry wt.)
Determination was implemented according to the method of Iqbal and Vaid (2009) and Malamy et al. (1992) as follows;
One gram of frozen root tissue is ground in 3.0 ml methanol 90% and centrifuged at 6000 r.p.m. for 15 min.
2. The pellet is re-extracted with 3.0 ml 90% methanol and centrifuged for 10.0 min at 4000 r.p.m.
Assay of salicylic acid was carried out using spectrophotometer according to Iqbal and Vaid (2009).
The supernatant from the both extractions in combined and 2.5 ml of these extractions is diluted to 25.0 ml A.d. in volumetric flask
2.5 ml extraction + 0.5 ml FeCl3 5% + 22.0 ml A.d.
Absorbance of the sample was determined using a spectrophotometer set at 360 nm.
Statistical analysis
Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA, the analysis of variance to test the treatments effect on different measured parameters. Data were analysed using an ANOVA split split design, the differences between the different treatments combinations were tested using the Duncan's Multiple range method outlined by (Snedecor and Cochran, 1982).
Results
Mycorrhizal root length colonization
The percentage of AM colonization was estimated after 45, 90 and 120 days old. Records of wheat plants, inoculated either with G. intraradices alone or with G. intraradices and Biotol significantly increased under all the tested levels of soil salinity, compared to un-inoculated plants. The highest percentages of AM colonization were attained after 90 days under NPK75% and normal soil salinity being, 65.57 and 65.49 for cv. Sakha 93 and 58.56 and 60.39 for cv. Gemmeza 9, respectively. By increasing soil salinity, the percentage of AM colonization significantly decreased (Tables 1, 2 and 3).
Shoot Na content
Results presented in Table (4) showed that, the lowest values of Na contents (mg/kg) were observed under EC ≤4 dSm-1 for plants inoculated with G. intraradices and Biotol (9.79 and 18.94 mg/kg) under NPK100% for Sakha 93 and Gemmeza 9, respectively. Un-inoculated plants recorded 18.75 and 26.86 mg/kg Na for both cultivars, respectively, under the same treatments. The same trends were noticed by increasing soil salinity levels.
Chlorophyll index
Chlorophyll index was significantly affected with soil salinity and levels of mineral fertilizers. Under soil salinity level ≤4 dSm-1 the highest values of chlorophyll were 55.75 and 49.96 for plants inoculated with AM+Biotol under NPK100% for the tested wheat cultivars; representing increase percentages 26.73 and 26.31 % over uninoculated ones. No significant differences were observed between NPK75 and NPK100% of the recommended dose of mineral fertilizers. The same trends were observed with increasing the soil salinity levels.Significant differences in chlorophyll contents were found between the wheat cultivars at soil salinity level 8–12 dSm-1. Sakha 93 recorded higher values of chlorophyll, compared to the Gemmeza 9 (Table 5).
NPK uptake (kg/ha)
Data in Tables (6, 7 and 8) reveal that inoculation with the AM fungus and Biotol, significantly increased NPK uptake (kg/ha) when compared to uninoculated ones. Under salinity level ≤4 dSm-1 the highest uptake values of N (Table 6) P (Table 7) K (Table 8) were recorded in case of plants inoculated with AM+Biotol under NPK100% for both the tested cultivars. No significant differences were observed between NPK75 and NPK100% mineral fertilizers. The same trends were observed with increasing the soil salinity levels. The NPK uptake values decreased under soil salinity level 8-12 dSm-1.
Table (1). Effect of wheatinoculation with Glomus intraradices and Biotol on the percentage of mycorrhizal root colonization after 45 days from planting in the presence of four levels of soil salinity (averages of the two seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014).
Cultivars
NPK Levels
Un-inoc.
AM
Biotol
AM+B
Mean
of
NPK
Mean
of
Cultiv.
Cultiv.
NPK
Inoc.
Inoc.* NPK
Parameter
Mycorrhizal root length colonization % EC: average 2.8 dSm-1
Table (2). Effect of wheatinoculation with Glomus intraradices and Biotol the percentage of mycorrhizal root colonization after 90 days from planting in the presence of four levels of soil salinity (averages of the two seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014).
Cultivars
NPK Levels
Un-inoc.
AM
Biotol
AM+B
Mean
of
NPK
Mean
of
Cultiv.
Cultiv.
NPK
Inoc.
Inoc.* NPK
Parameter
Mycorrhizal root length colonization % EC: average 2.8 dSm-1
L.S.D.0.05
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.71
27.45
2.24
31.57
NPK0%
15.34 d
23.97a
NS
4.623***
3.018***
***
NPK50%
0.61
39.74
1.63
44.30
NPK75%
4.48
65.57
6.52
65.49
NPK50%
20.98 c
NPK100%
3.25
42.01
3.85
44.25
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.00
28.57
1.62
30.52
NPK75%
33.88 a
23.99a
NPK50%
2.19
34.89
3.82
40.67
NPK75%
3.23
58.56
6.81
60.39
NPK100%
25.75 b
NPK100%
3.38
51.40
1.63
56.28
Mean of Inoc.
2.23 c
43.52b
3.52c
46.68a
Parameter
Mycorrhizal root length colonization % EC: average 5.3 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.33
16.06
0.93
18.11
NPK0%
11.65 c
18.56a
NS
1.906***
1.910***
***
NPK50%
0.28
35.22
0.80
36.62
NPK75%
2.14
47.00
4.38
51.42
NPK50%
17.69 b
NPK100%
2.17
38.21
1.65
41.69
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
1.08
22.11
2.10
32.48
NPK75%
24.74 a
18.09a
NPK50%
1.09
30.61
2.17
34.71
NPK75%
1.63
41.83
2.18
47.39
NPK100%
19.23 b
NPK100%
1.36
31.05
2.68
35.87
Mean of Inoc.
1.15 c
32.76
2.11c
37.29a
Parameter
Mycorrhizal root length colonization % EC: average 7.6 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.33
10.66
1.30
11.29
NPK0%
6.23 c
11.02a
NS
1.571***
0.985***
***
NPK50%
1.32
14.06
0.61
16.30
NPK75%
1.20
25.78
2.64
30.79
NPK50%
8.39 b
NPK100%
0.64
24.87
1.39
33.09
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.00
10.00
1.24
15.04
NPK75%
13.85 a
10.33a
NPK50%
0.00
15.95
1.18
17.74
NPK75%
0.00
21.43
2.65
26.31
NPK100%
14.22 a
NPK100%
0.00
23.56
3.27
26.93
Mean of Inoc.
0.44 d
18.29b
1.79
22.19a
Parameter
Mycorrhizal root length colonization % EC: average 10.5 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.28
7.84
1.12
10.55
NPK0%
5.35 c
9.32a
NS
1.289***
0.867***
***
NPK50%
0.86
11.02
0.56
13.96
NPK75%
1.06
21.57
1.67
26.08
NPK50%
7.13 b
NPK100%
0.56
20.58
1.40
30.01
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.00
8.89
1.07
13.09
NPK75%
11.71 a
9.04a
NPK50%
0.00
13.44
0.81
16.41
NPK75%
0.00
18.87
2.50
21.90
NPK100%
12.54 a
NPK100%
0.22
20.53
3.05
23.98
Mean of Inoc.
0.37 d
15.34b
1.52c
19.49a
Table (3). Effect of wheatinoculation with Glomus intraradices and Biotol on the percentage of mycorrhizal root colonization after 120 days from planting in the presence of four levels of soil salinity (averages of the two seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014)
Cultivars
NPK Levels
Un-inoc.
AM
Biotol
AM+B
Mean
of
NPK
Mean
of
Cultiv.
Cultiv.
NPK
Inoc.
Inoc.* NPK
Parameter
Mycorrhizal root length colonization % EC: average 2.8 dSm-1
L.S.D.0.05
Sakha 93
NPK0%
1.41
31.80
5.55
33.41
NPK0%
18.36 d
31.65a
NS
4.486***
2.555***
***
NPK50%
2.31
54.02
3.28
56.04
NPK75%
5.58
78.31
10.91
82.09
NPK50%
27.04 c
NPK100%
4.34
62.06
7.68
67.64
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.55
34.06
5.32
34.75
NPK75%
41.57 a
28.64a
NPK50%
3.27
43.63
5.46
48.33
NPK75%
5.35
69.93
10.21
70.17
NPK100%
33.62 b
NPK100%
2.28
55.90
7.14
61.93
Mean of Inoc.
3.14d
53.71b
6.95c
56.79a
Parameter
Mycorrhizal root length colonization % EC: average 5.3 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
1.09
22.48
1.84
26.01
NPK0%
14.99 c
22.48a
NS
4.529***
3.463***
***
NPK50%
1.72
40.71
3.24
47.96
NPK75%
3.18
55.75
7.67
60.16
NPK50%
21.74 b
NPK100%
1.91
35.04
2.76
48.28
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
3.04
27.01
2.87
35.57
NPK75%
28.74 a
21.47a
NPK50%
2.16
33.66
4.29
40.22
NPK75%
4.32
46.06
5.44
47.36
NPK100%
22.43 b
NPK100%
2.94
33.19
5.34
50.04
Mean of Inoc.
2.55 c
36.74b
4.18c
44.45a
Parameter
Mycorrhizal root length colonization % EC: average 7.6 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.39
13.64
0.89
17.76
NPK0%
8.96 c
13.07a
NS
1.340***
1.308***
***
NPK50%
0.44
18.21
0.89
21.11
NPK75%
1.29
29.29
1.82
36.17
NPK50%
11.06 b
NPK100%
0.67
28.68
2.28
35.61
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.81
16.56
1.64
20.04
NPK75%
16.57 a
13.41a
NPK50%
0.56
22.17
1.03
24.04
NPK75%
1.69
27.66
4.44
30.18
NPK100%
16.37 a
NPK100%
1.91
26.09
2.55
33.16
Mean of Inoc.
0.97c
22.78b
1.94c
27.26a
Parameter
Mycorrhizal root length colonization % EC: average 10.5 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.83
11.46
2.28
14.24
NPK0%
7.76 b
12.18a
NS
1.583***
1.110***
***
NPK50%
1.20
14.95
0.59
18.56
NPK75%
0.82
31.35
2.04
31.23
NPK50%
9.31 b
NPK100%
1.10
27.97
2.40
33.91
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.22
15.30
1.24
16.50
NPK75%
15.15 a
11.63a
NPK50%
0.58
17.81
0.59
20.17
NPK75%
1.18
25.09
2.38
27.13
NPK100%
15.42 a
NPK100%
1.35
26.08
2.42
28.57
Mean of Inoc.
0.91c
21.25b
1.69c
23.79a
Table (4). Effect of wheatinoculation with Glomus intraradices and Biotol on Shoot Na content (mg/kg) in the presence of four levels of soil salinity (averages of the two seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014)
Cultivars
NPK
Levels
Un-
inoc.
AM
Biotol
AM+B
Mean
of
NPK
Mean
of
Cultiv.
Cultiv.
NPK
Inoc.
Inoc.*
NPK
± %
± %
± %
Parameter
Shoot Na content (mg/kg) EC: average 2.8 dSm-1
L.S.D.0.05
Sakha 93
NPK0%
45.94
34.19
25.56
41.16
10.40
27.08
41.05
NPK0%
35.53 a
25.46b
3.34*
4.22***
3.46***
NS
NPK50%
41.27
26.77
35.13
31.20
24.40
21.26
48.48
NPK75%
24.07
21.79
9.47
21.59
10.31
20.62
14.34
NPK50%
31.14 b
NPK100%
18.75
10.39
44.60
11.54
38.44
9.79
47.78
Gemmeza9
NPK0%
37.62
33.80
10.14
36.69
2.46
27.76
26.20
NPK75%
25.74 c
29.21a
NPK50%
34.78
30.78
11.51
33.07
4.91
29.96
13.86
NPK75%
31.36
29.14
7.08
29.54
5.82
27.82
11.29
NPK100%
16.93 d
NPK100%
26.86
18.89
29.67
20.30
24.42
18.94
29.47
Mean of Inoc.
32.58a
25.72 bc
28.14 b
22.90 c
Parameter
Shoot Na content (mg/kg) EC: average 5.3 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
59.37
45.87
22.74
50.55
14.86
40.19
32.30
NPK0%
47.19 a
35.45a
NS
3.53***
2.58***
NS
NPK50%
41.36
36.94
10.69
40.51
2.07
31.57
23.68
NPK75%
36.86
30.99
15.92
34.81
5.56
18.65
49.40
NPK50%
39.64 b
NPK100%
30.53
22.75
25.47
30.12
1.34
16.16
47.08
Gemmeza9
NPK0%
52.67
42.91
18.53
47.41
9.99
38.64
26.64
NPK75%
30.83 c
36.14a
NPK50%
48.84
38.35
21.49
46.11
5.58
33.40
31.61
NPK75%
39.24
28.41
27.59
33.17
15.48
24.51
37.53
NPK100%
25.52 d
NPK100%
31.51
22.88
27.39
28.12
10.75
22.11
29.82
Mean of Inoc.
42.55a
33.64 c
38.85 b
28.15 d
Parameter
Shoot Na content (mg/kg) EC: average 7.6 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
69.17
49.42
28.55
57.78
16.46
44.77
35.27
NPK0%
55.11 a
46.34a
NS
4.09***
3.00***
NS
NPK50%
59.96
45.75
23.70
48.90
18.45
38.44
35.89
NPK75%
58.35
41.90
28.19
44.45
23.83
35.83
38.60
NPK50%
48.89 b
NPK100%
39.29
36.47
7.19
40.20
2.31
30.78
21.65
Gemmeza9
NPK0%
65.95
53.92
18.25
57.07
13.46
42.81
35.09
NPK75%
42.18 c
42.93a
NPK50%
57.29
45.61
20.38
53.15
7.23
42.05
26.61
NPK75%
45.68
36.55
19.97
42.72
6.47
32.03
29.87
NPK100%
32.34 d
NPK100%
32.73
25.14
23.20
29.24
10.66
24.92
23.88
Mean of Inoc.
53.55a
41.84 c
46.68 b
36.45 d
Parameter
Shoot Na content (mg/kg) EC: average 10.5 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
75.44
62.62
17.00
70.63
6.38
57.90
23.25
NPK0%
67.27 a
60.89a
6.61*
4.11***
3.69***
NS
NPK50%
64.30
51.17
20.42
55.26
14.07
45.67
28.99
NPK75%
58.59
53.74
8.28
55.08
5.98
38.58
34.14
NPK50%
57.14 b
NPK100%
50.20
41.27
17.80
43.96
12.44
33.97
32.23
Gemmeza9
NPK0%
78.96
65.78
16.69
72.06
8.73
54.79
30.60
NPK75%
53.93 b
49.57b
NPK50%
71.40
55.64
22.07
64.57
9.56
49.12
31.20
NPK75%
63.98
51.97
18.77
63.19
1.23
40.61
36.25
NPK100%
42.60 c
NPK100%
51.03
41.91
17.88
44.54
12.73
33.96
33.45
Mean of Inoc.
64.34a
53.73 b
58.66 c
44.33 d
± % Increase or decrease to uninoculated (control) plants
Table (5). Effect of wheatinoculation with Glomus intraradices and Biotol on chlorophyll index (SPAD) in the presence of four levels of soil salinity (averages of the two seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014)
Cultivars
NPK
Levels
Un-
inoc.
AM
Biotol
AM+B
Mean
of NPK
Mean
Of
Cultiv.
Cultiv.
NPK
Inoc.
Inoc.*
NPK
± %
± %
± %
Parameter
Chlorophyll index (SPAD) EC: average 2.8 dSm-1
L.S.D.0.05
Sakha 93
NPK0%
32.72
42.09
28.64
39.73
21.43
44.52
36.07
NPK0%
36.72 c
45.94a
3.332*
4.179***
2.159***
NS
NPK50%
38.28
49.20
28.54
45.41
18.63
46.82
22.30
NPK75%
41.35
52.34
26.57
47.20
14.14
55.57
34.38
NPK50%
41.30 b
NPK100%
43.56
50.49
15.92
50.53
16.00
55.75
26.73
Gemmeza9
NPK0%
26.20
36.32
35.76
34.20
27.83
37.45
40.01
NPK75%
44.85ab
38.99b
NPK50%
32.87
39.71
20.80
35.46
7.87
42.66
29.78
NPK75%
33.15
44.17
33.24
39.47
19.08
45.57
37.47
NPK100%
46.98 a
NPK100%
39.55
45.61
15.31
40.98
3.60
49.96
26.31
Mean of Inoc.
36.03d
44.99 b
41.62 c
47.22 a
Parameter
Chlorophyll index (SPAD) EC: average 5.3 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
28.16
31.32
11.24
29.28
4.01
32.91
16.90
NPK0%
28.73 c
37.45a
NS
2.962***
1.128***
NS
NPK50%
29.99
38.24
27.50
34.89
16.33
37.60
25.36
NPK75%
35.74
45.51
27.35
40.09
12.17
44.62
24.86
NPK50%
36.73 b
NPK100%
37.92
43.85
15.64
43.80
15.50
45.25
19.33
Gemmeza9
NPK0%
22.23
31.60
41.53
26.81
20.05
27.44
22.87
NPK75%
41.33 a
37.05a
NPK50%
32.04
39.47
23.18
39.51
23.31
42.14
31.52
NPK75%
36.27
43.22
19.17
40.89
12.74
44.32
22.20
NPK100%
42.21 a
NPK100%
36.97
44.39
20.06
41.01
10.93
44.46
20.26
Mean of Inoc.
32.43c
39.7 a
37.03 b
39.84 a
Parameter
Chlorophyll index (SPAD) EC: average 7.6 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
18.10
23.49
29.74
24.94
37.74
29.25
61.54
NPK0%
23.7 d
31.54a
NS
2.833***
2.095***
NS
NPK50%
23.10
28.65
24.03
28.22
22.16
30.05
30.10
NPK75%
28.05
37.37
33.25
32.05
14.26
39.41
40.49
NPK50%
26.63 c
NPK100%
36.16
40.63
12.36
40.89
13.09
44.25
22.37
Gemmeza9
NPK0%
13.52
27.62
104.22
23.76
75.65
28.93
113.88
NPK75%
33.12 b
29.28a
NPK50%
17.79
28.66
61.13
26.76
50.45
29.78
67.45
NPK75%
23.50
38.08
62.05
31.15
32.58
35.40
50.66
NPK100%
38.18 a
NPK100%
29.11
39.83
36.84
35.13
20.71
39.42
35.45
Mean of Inoc.
23.66c
33.04 a
30.36 b
34.56 a
Parameter
Chlorophyll index (SPAD) EC: average 10.5 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
13.38
21.07
57.53
21.02
57.16
22.59
68.90
NPK0%
18.49 c
27.3a
1.233*
2.015***
1.108***
*
NPK50%
19.96
28.23
41.46
27.13
35.92
28.82
44.41
NPK75%
24.23
35.63
47.05
29.75
22.81
34.42
42.06
NPK50%
25.59 b
NPK100%
29.10
33.43
14.89
32.91
13.12
35.19
20.95
Gemmeza9
NPK0%
10.36
18.73
80.78
17.49
68.86
23.28
124.79
NPK75%
29.36 a
24.93b
NPK50%
20.19
26.28
30.15
24.75
22.58
29.45
45.88
NPK75%
24.41
29.47
20.74
27.58
12.99
29.44
20.60
NPK100%
31.01 a
NPK100%
26.36
31.25
18.57
28.41
7.79
31.44
19.29
Mean of Inoc.
20.99d
28.01 b
26.13 c
29.33 a
± % Increase or decrease to uninoculated (control) plants
Table (6). Effect of wheatinoculation with Glomus intraradices and Biotol on N uptake (kg/ha) in the presence of four levels of soil salinity (averages of the two seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014)
Cultivars
NPK
Levels
Un-inoc.
AM
Biotol
AM+B
Mean
of
NPK
Mean of Cultiv.
Cultiv.
NPK
Inoc.
Inoc.* NPK
± %
± %
± %
Parameter
N Uptake (kg/ha) EC: average 2.8 dSm-1
L.S.D.0.05
Sakha 93
NPK0%
14.908
37.525
151.71
30.492
104.53
43.428
191.30
NPK0%
29.47 d
65.49a
NS
5.519***
7.09***
**
NPK50%
20.692
58.805
184.19
48.179
132.84
61.231
195.92
NPK75%
41.419
99.613
140.50
77.232
86.47
105.178
153.94
NPK50%
54.41 c
NPK100%
64.175
126.311
96.82
92.478
44.10
116.433
81.43
Gemmeza9
NPK0%
13.72
41.813
204.72
28.380
106.82
32.982
140.36
NPK75%
77.8 b
65.08a
NPK50%
23.570
62.426
164.85
66.095
180.42
77.786
230.02
NPK75%
34.903
90.744
159.99
65.977
89.03
107.354
207.58
NPK100%
99.47 a
NPK100%
59.886
118.167
97.32
95.000
58.63
130.015
117.10
Mean of Inoc.
32.39c
81.49 a
62.98 b
84.3 a
Parameter
N Uptake (kg/ha) EC: average 5.3 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
6.384
11.980
87.67
16.987
166.10
22.145
246.90
NPK0%
12.04 d
35.35a
NS
4.945***
3.414***
***
NPK50%
11.705
33.575
186.84
31.677
170.62
41.977
258.61
NPK75%
19.429
52.407
169.74
38.678
99.07
50.151
158.12
NPK50%
24.52 c
NPK100%
40.466
70.250
73.60
52.723
30.29
75.119
85.63
Gemmeza9
NPK0%
5.092
9.626
89.02
8.129
59.64
15.963
213.46
NPK75%
38.07 b
28.08a
NPK50%
10.202
24.933
144.39
17.944
75.88
24.176
136.96
NPK75%
16.960
43.089
154.05
29.901
76.30
53.973
218.23
NPK100%
52.22 a
NPK100%
25.615
53.581
109.18
46.544
81.70
63.513
147.95
Mean of Inoc.
15.73d
37.43 b
30.32 c
43.38 a
Parameter
N Uptake (kg/ha) EC: average 7.6 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
2.208
6.735
205.04
4.630
109.72
8.020
263.27
NPK0%
5.06 d
16.32a
NS
2.716***
1.863***
***
NPK50%
5.323
14.505
172.48
13.915
161.39
15.887
198.44
NPK75%
10.791
23.131
114.34
17.576
62.87
27.374
153.66
NPK50%
10.49 c
NPK100%
16.238
39.148
141.09
24.454
50.60
41.956
158.38
Gemmeza9
NPK0%
2.549
5.950
133.45
4.715
84.98
7.835
207.42
NPK75%
19.21 b
14.83a
NPK50%
3.874
12.526
223.30
7.124
83.87
13.756
255.04
NPK75%
9.804
28.953
195.31
16.953
72.92
28.802
193.77
NPK100%
27.53 a
NPK100%
14.817
32.122
116.79
20.687
39.61
36.504
146.36
Mean of Inoc.
5.64 d
20.38 b
13.76 c
22.52 a
Parameter
N Uptake (kg/ha) EC: average 10.5 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
1.464
2.025
38.34
1.890
29.14
4.703
221.33
NPK0%
2.35 d
8.92a
NS
2.695***
1.599***
**
NPK50%
2.600
5.565
114.05
6.596
153.71
8.907
242.58
NPK75%
3.570
13.680
283.16
9.593
168.67
18.917
429.81
NPK50%
6.95 c
NPK100%
6.827
19.416
184.00
14.510
112.24
23.396
242.21
Gemmeza9
NPK0%
1.517
2.972
95.93
1.832
20.77
4.381
188.87
NPK75%
10.76 b
8.41a
NPK50%
2.494
10.724
330.02
5.658
126.88
13.075
424.27
NPK75%
4.290
13.974
225.73
8.622
100.97
13.423
212.88
NPK100%
14.59 a
NPK100%
6.065
16.226
167.53
12.288
102.61
18.056
197.69
Mean of Inoc.
3.35 d
10.57 b
7.62 c
13.11 a
± % Increase or decrease to uninoculated (control) plants
Table (7). Effect of wheatinoculation with Glomus intraradices and Biotol on P uptake (kg/ha) in the presence of four levels of soil salinity (averages of the two seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014)
Cultivars
NPK Levels
Un-inoc.
AM
Biotol
AM+B
Mean
of
NPK
Mean
of Cultiv.
Cultiv.
NPK
Inoc.
Inoc.* NPK
± %
± %
± %
Parameter
P Uptake (kg/ha) EC: average 2.8 dSm-1
L.S.D.0.05
Sakha 93
NPK0%
1.388
4.457
221.02
2.875
107.07
5.087
266.46
NPK0%
3.08 c
8.60 a
NS
1.789***
1.292***
NS
NPK50%
2.346
9.555
307.22
6.161
162.58
7.578
222.96
NPK75%
4.136
16.468
298.12
9.934
140.17
19.158
363.16
NPK50%
6.72 b
NPK100%
6.191
16.867
172.46
12.121
95.79
13.342
115.52
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
1.557
4.748
204.98
2.246
44.25
3.258
109.27
NPK75%
12.04 a
8.69 a
NPK50%
2.378
8.582
260.92
7.109
198.99
10.032
321.91
NPK75%
4.575
15.334
235.13
10.959
139.52
16.884
269.00
NPK100%
12.76 a
NPK100%
9.974
15.673
57.14
12.899
29.33
17.720
77.67
Mean of Inoc.
3.46 c
11.46 a
8.04 b
11.63 a
Parameter
P Uptake (kg/ha) EC: average 5.3 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.427
0.934
118.72
1.114
160.89
1.988
365.77
NPK0%
0.95 d
3.43 a
NS
0.749***
0.368***
***
NPK50%
0.863
3.272
278.96
2.617
203.12
3.332
286.00
NPK75%
1.655
5.343
222.88
4.044
144.39
5.812
251.19
NPK50%
2.29 c
NPK100%
2.418
7.898
226.59
5.416
123.97
7.748
220.42
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.333
0.679
103.86
0.616
84.97
1.481
344.72
NPK75%
4.14 b
2.96 a
NPK50%
0.974
2.797
187.03
1.735
78.08
2.694
176.41
NPK75%
1.785
4.729
164.98
3.188
78.61
6.579
268.60
NPK100%
5.41 a
NPK100%
2.131
5.894
176.54
4.871
128.55
6.926
224.99
Mean of Inoc.
1.32 d
3.94 b
2.95 c
4.57 a
Parameter
P Uptake (kg/ha) EC: average 7.6 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.210
0.447
112.84
0.320
52.52
0.754
259.31
NPK0%
0.43 c
1.49 a
NS
0.434***
0.245***
***
NPK50%
0.368
0.895
143.08
0.686
86.27
1.335
262.57
NPK75%
0.523
1.973
277.11
1.351
158.18
2.599
396.76
NPK50%
0.78 c
NPK100%
1.440
3.368
133.93
2.621
82.02
5.229
263.19
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.218
0.517
136.60
0.367
68.00
0.793
263.16
NPK75%
1.83 b
1.55 a
NPK50%
0.350
1.061
203.41
0.608
73.80
1.183
238.19
NPK75%
1.199
2.872
139.55
1.886
57.36
2.927
144.19
NPK100%
3.04 a
NPK100%
1.975
3.932
99.08
2.522
27.71
4.312
118.34
Mean of Inoc.
0.52 d
1.88 b
1.29 c
2.39 a
Parameter
P Uptake (kg/ha) EC: average 10.5 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.074
0.118
59.69
0.101
37.25
0.254
244.17
NPK0%
0.16 d
0.76 a
NS
0.189***
0.171***
***
NPK50%
0.197
0.541
175.02
0.411
108.77
0.612
211.18
NPK75%
0.433
1.262
191.45
0.647
49.41
2.012
364.76
NPK50%
0.58 c
NPK100%
0.649
1.753
170.26
1.077
66.02
2.242
245.65
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.081
0.269
233.48
0.137
70.18
0.323
300.20
NPK75%
1.05 b
0.79 a
NPK50%
0.288
0.921
219.95
0.464
61.22
1.299
351.36
NPK75%
0.415
1.462
252.18
0.799
92.50
1.661
300.35
NPK100%
1.29 a
NPK100%
0.646
1.479
128.87
0.998
54.38
1.757
171.88
Mean of Inoc.
0.26 d
0.98 b
0.58 c
1.27 a
± % Increase or decrease to uninoculated (control) plants
Table (8). Effect of wheatinoculation with Glomus intraradices and Biotol on K uptake (kg/ha) in the presence of four levels of soil salinity (averages of the two seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014)
Cultivars
NPK Levels
Un-inoc.
AM
Biotol
AM+B
Mean
of
NPK
Mean
of
Cultiv.
Cultiv.
NPK
Inoc.
Inoc.* NPK
± %
± %
± %
Parameter
K Uptake (kg/ha) EC: average 2.8 dSm-1
L.S.D.0.05
Sakha 93
NPK0%
10.890
19.583
79.82
16.520
51.70
34.139
213.49
NPK0%
13.95 c
38.01 a
NS
11.407***
5.325***
***
NPK50%
23.339
49.610
112.56
33.063
41.67
47.506
103.55
NPK75%
26.200
52.899
101.90
36.377
38.84
75.957
189.91
NPK50%
36.47 b
NPK100%
31.698
58.118
83.35
48.186
52.02
80.725
154.67
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
3.759
11.308
200.86
6.193
64.75
15.092
301.51
NPK75%
44.88ab
36.57 a
NPK50%
17.644
45.705
159.04
26.124
48.06
72.081
308.53
NPK75%
26.053
48.271
85.28
36.580
40.40
78.374
200.82
NPK100%
53.86 a
NPK100%
43.115
75.603
75.35
47.945
47.945
75.458
75.02
Mean of Inoc.
12.61 d
45.14 b
31.37 c
60.04 a
Parameter
K Uptake (kg/ha) EC: average 5.3 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
2.140
3.866
80.67
2.879
34.57
8.242
285.19
NPK0%
3.00 d
8.99 a
NS
2.161***
1.421***
***
NPK50%
5.187
11.707
125.69
7.974
53.73
11.795
127.39
NPK75%
6.183
11.238
81.76
8.280
33.92
17.382
181.14
NPK50%
7.47 c
NPK100%
8.932
14.925
67.10
11.488
28.61
20.732
132.10
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.882
1.531
73.57
0.999
13.19
2.302
160.88
NPK75%
10.92 b
8.63 a
NPK50%
2.641
8.261
212.84
3.994
51.27
11.569
338.13
NPK75%
5.774
12.106
109.66
8.335
44.35
19.075
230.34
NPK100%
13.85 a
NPK100%
10.229
20.165
97.14
13.590
32.86
19.742
93.00
Mean of Inoc.
3.06 d
10.35 b
7.32 c
14.52 a
Parameter
K Uptake (kg/ha) EC: average 7.6 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.746
1.937
159.52
1.122
50.34
2.306
208.92
NPK0%
1.39 d
4.64 a
NS
1.272***
0.658***
***
NPK50%
2.581
5.113
98.12
3.643
41.17
4.754
84.20
NPK75%
3.301
5.637
70.78
4.515
36.79
8.927
170.45
NPK50%
3.52 c
NPK100%
5.283
9.396
77.85
7.121
34.79
13.799
161.19
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.466
1.032
121.27
0.726
55.61
1.100
135.91
NPK75%
6.29 b
5.49 a
NPK50%
1.491
4.724
216.85
1.972
32.26
4.556
205.60
NPK75%
3.428
9.446
175.52
5.781
68.62
13.148
283.52
NPK100%
9.08 a
NPK100%
6.293
14.651
132.79
7.705
22.43
14.413
129.02
Mean of Inoc.
1.30 d
6.49 b
4.07 c
8.42 a
Parameter
K Uptake (kg/ha) EC: average 10.5 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.318
0.509
59.70
0.398
27.98
0.792
148.65
NPK0%
0.57 d
2.19 a
NS
0.673***
0.497***
***
NPK50%
1.072
2.075
93.65
1.602
49.53
2.164
101.99
NPK75%
1.739
2.962
70.36
2.024
16.41
5.563
219.93
NPK50%
1.89 c
NPK100%
2.133
4.124
93.29
3.036
42.30
6.655
211.92
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.260
0.532
104.31
0.281
7.83
0.730
180.65
NPK75%
2.85 b
2.44 a
NPK50%
0.784
2.551
225.24
1.297
65.34
2.607
232.36
NPK75%
1.622
3.846
137.14
2.151
32.62
4.452
174.53
NPK100%
3.95 a
NPK100%
2.663
5.929
122.66
3.307
24.19
6.138
130.50
Mean of Inoc.
0.66 d
2.82 b
1.76 c
4.03 a
± % Increase or decrease to uninoculated (control) plants
1000 grain weight
Results presented in Table (9) showed that the highest value of 1000 grain weight (g) was obtained from Gemmeza 9 plants inoculated with G. intraradices (54.59 g) under soil salinity level ≤4 dSm-1 and NPK75%. No significant differences were observed between NPK75 and NPK100% mineral fertilizers. At soil salinity 8 – 12 dSm-1, the 1000 grain weight were 40.92 and 35.98 g for plants inoculated with AM+Biotol under NPK100% for Sakha 93 and Gemmeza 9, respectively.
Grain yield (t/ha)
Results presented in Table (10) indicated that, grain yield due to dual inoculation with Glomusintraradices and Biotol resulted the maximum yield of grain (6.723 t/ha) under soil salinity level ≤4 dSm-1 and NPK100% in case of Gemmeza 9. No significant differences were observed between NPK75 and NPK100% mineral fertilizers. When the soil salinity level increased to 8-12 dSm-1, the wheat grain yield decreased. The grain yield was 1.991 t/ha in plants inoculated with AM+Biotol under NPK100% for Sakha 93, while it was 1.710 t/ha for Gemmeza 9. Significant differences in the grain yield (t/ha) were found between the two wheat cultivars. Sakha 93 recorded highest value of grain yield, compared to Gemmeza 9 under high level of soil salinity.
Grain protein
Wheat plants Inoculated with G. intraradices alone or G. intraradices + Biotol resulted high values of protein content of wheat grains for both cultivars. Under normal salinity levels ≤4 dSm-1, the highest grain protein content was obtained in case of plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus and Biotol (1.39 %) for Gemmeza variety at NPK75%. Under salinity level 8-12 dSm-1 the highest protein content was obtained from both cultivars in the presence of NPK100% with percentage increases 36.31 and 43.96% more than un-inoculated plants, for Sakha 93 and Gemmeza 9, respectively. Significant differences in protein contents were found between the two cultivars, Gemmeza 9 recorded the highest value compared to Sakha 93 (Table 11).
Proline content
Significant differences in shoot proline contents among the two wheat cultivars were recorded by increasing soil salinity levels. Sakha 93 recorded higher values of proline than Gemmeza 9 (Table 12). Data clearly show positive effect of AM inoculation on proline content under the tested levels of soil salinity.
Salicylic acid
Dual inoculation with G. intraradices and Biotol significantly increased the salicylic acid concentration at all the tested levels of soil salinity. The percentage increases, as compared to uninoculated control was reached 192.57 and 135.42 for Sakha 93 and Gemmeza 9, respectively, in the presence of NPK75% and soil salinity 8-12 dSm-1 (Table 13).
Discussion
Salinity represents one of the most important environmental stresses since it limits crop plant production which is contrary to the increased demand for food all over the world. Therefore, the studies of salinity tolerance in plants consider a special importance. From the above results we concluded that, wheat inoculated with AM fungus showed significant increases in the percentage of AMF colonization and growth yield parameters compared to un-inoculated plants under different levels of soil salinity. It was clear that, by increasing soil salinity, the percentage of AMF colonization and growth yield parameters significantly decreased. Aroca et al. (2013) found that, increasing soil salinity levels lowered the percentage of mycorrhizal root colonization in lettuce plants. Miransari et al. (2007) observed that, Zea mays plant inoculated with AM fungi (Glomus mosseae and Glomus etunicatum)
Table (9). Effect of wheatinoculation with Glomus intraradices and Biotol on 1000 grains weight (g) in the presence of four levels of soil salinity (averages of the two seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014)
Cultivars
NPK Levels
Un-inoc.
AM
Biotol
AM+B
Mean
of
NPK
Mean
of Cultiv.
Cultiv.
NPK
Inoc.
Inoc.* NPK
± %
± %
± %
Parameter
1000 Grain Weight (g) EC: average 2.8 dSm-1
L.S.D.0.05
Sakha 93
NPK0%
36.39
42.83
17.70
44.33
21.83
46.91
28.92
NPK0%
42.54 c
47.14a
NS
3.363***
1.049***
NS
NPK50%
41.03
48.34
17.83
48.03
17.08
48.97
19.36
NPK75%
43.89
50.21
14.40
48.22
9.85
53.35
21.54
NPK50%
46.61 b
NPK100%
46.14
51.54
11.70
50.16
8.70
53.85
16.72
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
38.46
44.37
15.35
42.65
10.88
44.45
15.56
NPK75%
49.96ab
47.99a
NPK50%
43.73
48.42
10.73
45.23
3.44
49.18
12.46
NPK75%
45.28
54.59
20.58
51.88
14.59
52.26
15.44
NPK100%
51.13 a
NPK100%
48.46
53.12
9.61
49.85
2.87
54.27
11.98
Mean of Inoc.
43.13 d
47.54 c
49.17 b
50.40 a
Parameter
1000 Grain Weight (g) EC: average 5.3 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
34.75
37.08
6.70
36.29
4.44
39.40
13.38
NPK0%
36.44 d
44.69a
NS
1.646***
1.196***
NS
NPK50%
38.81
44.74
15.28
41.79
7.67
47.81
23.18
NPK75%
42.50
49.41
16.27
46.13
8.55
52.01
22.38
NPK50%
44.51 c
NPK100%
46.17
52.92
14.62
50.51
9.39
54.73
18.53
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
33.33
36.18
8.56
37.03
11.10
37.50
12.50
NPK75%
48.622b
45.32a
NPK50%
42.24
45.37
7.42
46.50
10.09
48.82
15.60
NPK75%
47.39
50.24
6.00
49.86
5.20
51.45
8.55
NPK100%
50.45 a
NPK100%
46.72
50.57
8.24
48.81
4.47
53.14
13.74
Mean of Inoc.
41.49d
45.81 b
44.61 c
48.11 a
Parameter
1000 Grain Weight (g) EC: average 7.6 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
26.56
32.42
22.07
30.18
13.65
34.67
30.52
NPK0%
30.65 d
37.17a
NS
1.661***
1.428***
NS
NPK50%
29.09
34.32
20.04
33.32
14.56
39.16
34.62
NPK75%
33.44
40.91
22.37
39.40
17.85
42.29
26.49
NPK50%
33.81 c
NPK100%
39.74
42.54
7.04
47.47
19.44
48.61
22.31
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
26.46
30.73
16.17
31.35
18.49
32.82
24.06
NPK75%
38.06 b
35.71a
NPK50%
28.12
34.94
24.27
32.89
16.95
38.02
35.19
NPK75%
32.12
39.02
25.05
38.40
23.04
39.84
27.67
NPK100%
43.25 a
NPK100%
35.49
42.24
19.01
44.58
25.62
45.31
27.66
Mean of Inoc.
31.26c
37.22 b
37.19 b
40.09 a
Parameter
1000 Grain Weight (g) EC: average 10.5 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
22.60
27.09
19.84
26.20
15.91
28.97
28.19
NPK0%
26.43 c
32.92a
NS
2.171***
1.098***
*
NPK50%
23.39
35.03
49.76
32.61
39.39
35.83
53.18
NPK75%
30.37
37.42
23.21
36.02
18.59
39.33
29.50
NPK50%
30.82 b
NPK100%
33.08
39.71
20.03
38.13
15.24
40.92
23.67
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
21.87
28.67
31.12
26.28
20.18
29.77
36.15
NPK75%
34.09 a
30.80a
NPK50%
24.16
33.27
37.74
27.62
14.36
34.62
43.31
NPK75%
28.02
33.69
20.23
31.40
12.04
36.48
30.16
NPK100%
36.10 a
NPK100%
31.99
35.76
11.81
33.26
3.96
35.98
12.47
Mean of Inoc.
26.94d
33.83 b
31.44 c
35.24 a
± % Increase or decrease to uninoculated (control) plants
Table (10). Effect of wheatinoculation with Glomus intraradices and Biotol on grains yield (t/ha) in the presence of four levels of soil salinity (averages of the two seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014)
Cultivars
NPK Levels
Un-inoc.
AM
Biotol
AM+B
Mean
of
NPK
Mean
of Cultiv.
Cultiv.
NPK
Inoc.
Inoc.* NPK
± %
± %
± %
Parameter
Grains Yield (t/ha) EC: average 2.8 dSm-1
L.S.D.0.05
Sakha 93
NPK0%
2.248
3.013
34.03
3.183
41.59
3.263
45.15
NPK0%
2.74 c
4.66a
NS
0.559***
0.299***
**
NPK50%
3.391
4.704
38.72
4.379
29.14
5.159
52.14
NPK75%
4.235
6.132
44.79
4.858
14.71
6.309
48.97
NPK50%
4.11 b
NPK100%
4.644
6.583
41.75
5.082
9.43
6.543
40.89
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
1.731
2.849
64.59
2.468
42.57
3.127
80.65
NPK75%
5.69 a
4.50a
NPK50%
2.981
4.474
50.08
3.735
25.29
4.062
36.26
NPK75%
4.736
6.304
33.11
5.633
18.94
6.095
28.69
NPK100%
5.79 a
NPK100%
5.216
6.468
24.00
6.209
19.04
6.723
28.89
Mean of Inoc.
3.374 c
5.165 a
4.505 b
5.285 a
Parameter
Grains Yield (t/ha) EC: average 5.3 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
1.570
2.722
73.37
2.483
58.15
2.517
60.32
NPK0%
2.36 c
3.62a
NS
0.624***
0.269***
**
NPK50%
2.537
3.455
36.18
3.194
25.89
3.517
38.63
NPK75%
3.412
5.358
57.03
3.859
13.10
5.723
67.73
NPK50%
3.22 b
NPK100%
3.865
5.101
31.98
4.661
20.59
5.593
44.71
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
1.729
2.596
50.14
2.554
47.72
2.780
60.78
NPK75%
4.43 a
3.73a
NPK50%
2.747
3.754
36.66
3.160
15.03
4.140
50.71
NPK75%
3.252
5.303
63.07
3.941
21.18
5.156
58.55
NPK100%
4.70 a
NPK100%
3.966
5.200
31.11
4.276
7.82
5.749
44.95
Mean of Inoc.
2.64 c
4.18 a
3.15 b
4.39 a
Parameter
Grains Yield (t/ha) EC: average 7.6 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.888
1.340
50.90
10.92
22.97
1.457
64.08
NPK0%
1.19 c
1.79a
NS
0.337***
0.149***
***
NPK50%
1.144
1.629
42.39
1.307
14.25
1.759
53.75
NPK75%
1.688
1.935
14.63
1.823
7.99
1.808
7.11
NPK50%
1.51 b
NPK100%
2.300
2.830
23.04
2.425
5.43
2.940
27.83
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.771
1.055
36.84
1.266
64.20
1.316
70.68
NPK75%
1.64 b
1.71a
NPK50%
1.094
1.686
54.11
1.362
24.49
1.755
60.42
NPK75%
1.375
1.744
26.84
1.732
25.96
1.777
29.34
NPK100%
2.67 a
NPK100%
1.885
2.195
16.45
2.095
11.14
2.285
21.22
Mean of Inoc.
1.15 c
1.92 b
1.78 b
2.15 a
Parameter
Grains Yield (t/ha) EC: average 10.5 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.601
0.907
50.92
0.877
45.92
1.054
75.37
NPK0%
0.832 b
1.39a
0.231*
0.253***
0.089***
*
NPK50%
0.930
1.268
36.34
1.059
13.87
1.210
30.11
NPK75%
1.266
1.886
48.97
1.887
49.05
1.950
54.03
NPK50%
1.08 b
NPK100%
1.354
1.828
35.01
1.824
34.71
1.991
47.05
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.541
0.764
41.22
0.818
51.20
0.853
57.67
NPK75%
1.43 a
1.08b
NPK50%
0.852
1.149
34.86
0.907
6.45
1.262
48.12
NPK75%
0.941
1.246
32.41
0.958
1.81
1.383
46.97
NPK100%
1.64 a
NPK100%
1.223
1.684
37.69
1.488
21.67
1.710
39.82
Mean of Inoc.
0.899 d
1.37 b
1.21 c
1.49 a
± % Increase or decrease to uninoculated (control) plants
Table (11). Effect of wheatinoculation with Glomus intraradices and Biotol on Protein (%) in the presence of different levels of soil salinity (averages of the two seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014)
Cultivars
NPK Levels
Un-inoc.
AM
Biotol
AM+B
Mean of
NPK
Mean of Cultiv.
Cultiv.
NPK
Inoc.
Inoc.* NPK
± %
± %
± %
Parameter
Grain Protein (%) EC: average 2.8 dSm-1
L.S.D.0.05
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.47
0.81
72.50
0.71
51.67
0.84
78.62
NPK0%
0.73c
0.95 a
NS
0.125***
0.056***
NS
NPK50%
0.65
0.95
44.69
0.89
35.64
0.99
50.94
NPK75%
0.78
1.25
59.73
1.06
34.88
1.25
59.73
NPK50%
0.92b
NPK100%
0.92
1.23
33.12
1.16
25.86
1.27
37.38
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.59
0.84
41.53
0.71
20.03
0.85
44.18
NPK75%
1.15a
1.04 a
NPK50%
0.79
1.03
29.38
0.98
23.77
1.08
36.54
NPK75%
1.04
1.30
25.22
1.16
11.70
1.39
34.17
NPK100%
1.18a
NPK100%
1.03
1.33
29.60
1.18
14.47
1.38
33.86
Mean of Inoc.
0.78 c
1.09 a
0.98 b
1.13 a
Parameter
Grain Protein (%) EC: average 5.3 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.31
0.52
68.93
0.47
53.28
0.75
140.96
NPK0%
0.57c
0.79 b
0.089*
0.112***
0.065***
NS
NPK50%
0.50
0.89
77.35
0.79
57.50
0.83
65.57
NPK75%
0.70
1.02
46.47
0.83
18.47
1.03
47.89
NPK50%
0.79b
NPK100%
0.87
1.07
23.66
1.02
17.80
1.12
29.57
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.38
0.67
74.60
0.64
66.20
0.81
113.15
NPK75%
0.97a
0.92 a
NPK50%
0.64
0.94
46.22
0.79
23.20
1.01
57.90
NPK75%
0.88
1.15
31.25
1.09
24.58
1.12
28.03
NPK100%
1.07a
NPK100%
0.91
1.30
43.09
1.08
18.80
1.27
39.46
Mean of Inoc.
0.65 c
0.94 a
0.84 b
0.99 a
Parameter
Grain Protein (%) EC: average 7.6 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.24
0.46
95.97
0.37
55.96
0.59
150.22
NPK0%
0.49d
0.65 a
NS
0.043***
0.042***
NS
NPK50%
0.39
0.59
49.35
0.49
24.49
0.68
72.42
NPK75%
0.56
0.89
58.35
0.73
30.89
0.89
58.73
NPK50%
0.57c
NPK100%
0.71
0.96
36.03
0.84
19.33
1.03
45.80
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.42
0.65
56.73
0.55
32.64
0.69
64.86
NPK75%
0.79b
0.72 a
NPK50%
0.49
0.73
48.94
0.55
11.29
0.69
41.52
NPK75%
0.66
0.88
32.39
0.82
23.29
0.96
44.17
NPK100%
0.87a
NPK100%
0.73
0.92
25.50
0.84
15.23
0.95
30.76
Mean of Inoc.
0.52 d
0.76 b
0.65 c
0.81 a
Parameter
Grain Protein (%) EC: average 10.5 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
0.18
0.31
68.17
0.26
42.00
0.31
68.17
NPK0%
0.28c
0.38 a
NS
0.044***
0.022***
NS
NPK50%
0.28
0.40
45.91
0.37
34.91
0.40
45.52
NPK75%
0.36
0.45
25.30
0.37
3.56
0.47
31.83
NPK50%
0.36b
NPK100%
0.40
0.53
34.93
0.45
14.51
0.54
36.31
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
0.22
0.32
45.74
0.30
35.83
0.35
60.90
NPK75%
0.40b
0.39 a
NPK50%
0.27
0.38
39.19
0.34
27.40
0.42
54.47
NPK75%
0.37
0.40
9.60
0.37
1.55
0.42
15.46
NPK100%
0.51a
NPK100%
0.44
0.60
36.51
0.50
14.22
0.63
43.96
Mean of Inoc.
0.31c
0.42a
0.37b
0.44a
± % Increase or decrease to uninoculated (control) plants
Table (12). Effect of wheatinoculation with Glomus intraradices and Biotol on proline (mg/100 g shoot dry wt.) in the presence of four levels of soil salinity (averages of the two seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014)
Cultivars
NPK Levels
Un-inoc.
AM
Biotol
AM+B
Mean
of
NPK
Mean
of
Cultiv.
Cultiv.
NPK
Inoc.
Inoc.* NPK
± %
± %
± %
Parameter
Proline content (mg/100 g shoot dry wt.) EC: average 2.8 dSm-1
L.S.D.0.05
Sakha 93
NPK0%
42.73
59.65
39.60
59.07
38.24
64.92
51.93
NPK0%
57.47d
85.54a
NS
9.167***
4.981***
*
NPK50%
63.68
83.15
30.58
73.31
15.13
89.04
39.82
NPK75%
74.76
109.86
46.95
89.15
19.24
111.76
49.49
NPK50%
84.16c
NPK100%
86.17
123.43
43.23
108.70
26.14
129.39
50.15
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
47.98
60.37
25.84
62.24
29.74
62.75
30.79
NPK75%
101.77b
92.12a
NPK50%
68.35
103.67
51.67
84.02
22.93
108.07
58.11
NPK75%
77.11
117.44
52.29
107.48
39.37
126.63
64.21
NPK100%
111.94a
NPK100%
98.42
121.09
23.03
109.26
11.01
119.05
20.96
Mean of Inoc.
69.90c
97.33 a
86.65 b
101.45 a
Parameter
Proline content (mg/100 g shoot dry wt.) EC: average 5.3 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
36.81
53.70
45.90
47.72
29.64
58.63
59.28
NPK0%
49.41 c
82.78 a
NS
8.613***
3.055***
NS
NPK50%
56.92
74.18
30.33
72.08
26.64
87.90
54.42
NPK75%
78.48
111.27
41.77
92.79
18.23
125.87
60.38
NPK50%
69.89 b
NPK100%
85.32
113.50
33.03
99.66
16.81
129.69
52.01
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
38.66
53.39
38.10
49.08
26.94
57.29
48.18
NPK75%
96.44 a
76.65 a
NPK50%
45.56
79.14
73.71
66.53
46.05
76.82
68.62
NPK75%
80.10
94.62
18.13
88.92
11.01
99.49
24.21
NPK100%
103.12 a
NPK100%
89.89
99.91
11.14
100.48
11.78
106.52
18.50
Mean of Inoc.
63.97d
84.96 b
77.16 c
92.78 d
Parameter
Proline content (mg/100 g shoot dry wt.) EC: average 7.6 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
29.05
38.85
33.70
32.51
11.88
40.24
38.50
NPK0%
30.33 b
49.75 a
10.863*
7.424***
2.644***
NS
NPK50%
28.86
40.46
40.22
38.72
34.19
43.12
49.44
NPK75%
46.26
65.57
41.72
59.14
27.83
69.08
49.31
NPK50%
34.53 b
NPK100%
55.05
73.04
32.67
62.00
12.62
74.07
34.54
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
17.90
28.00
56.44
25.34
41.55
30.72
71.65
NPK75%
52.13 a
37.49 b
NPK50%
21.00
35.50
69.02
31.46
49.81
37.09
76.59
NPK75%
31.90
50.61
58.69
42.60
33.57
51.86
62.60
NPK100%
57.52 a
NPK100%
43.79
52.03
18.81
46.55
6.29
53.59
22.36
Mean of Inoc.
34.23c
48.01 a
42.29 b
49.97 a
Parameter
Proline content (mg/100 g shoot dry wt.) EC: average 10.5 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
25.36
28.44
12.13
28.06
10.64
31.23
23.13
NPK0%
24.25 d
37.83 a
10.852*
2.652***
0.997***
*
NPK50%
28.26
37.30
32.01
36.95
30.76
40.87
44.61
NPK75%
34.44
45.85
33.13
39.76
15.43
47.74
38.60
NPK50%
29.72 c
NPK100%
36.81
49.34
34.04
45.29
23.05
49.65
34.90
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
16.23
21.08
29.88
19.29
18.85
24.32
49.79
NPK75%
34.39 b
25.50 b
NPK50%
19.40
25.01
28.93
22.51
16.08
27.50
41.76
NPK75%
22.34
28.60
28.03
25.70
15.06
30.72
37.54
NPK100%
38.30 a
NPK100%
27.12
33.00
21.68
30.46
12.34
34.75
28.13
Mean of Inoc.
26.24d
33.58 b
31.00 c
35.85 a
± % Increase or decrease to uninoculated (control) plants
Table (13). Effect of wheatinoculation with Glomus intraradices and Biotol on salicylic acid (mg/100g root fresh wt.) in the presence of four levels of soil salinity (averages of the two seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014)
Cultivars
NPK Levels
Un-inoc.
AM
Biotol
AM+B
Mean
of
NPK
Mean
of Cultiv.
Cultiv.
NPK
Inoc.
Inoc.* NPK
± %
± %
± %
Parameter
Salicylic Acid (mg/100g root fresh wt.) EC: average 2.8 dSm-1
L.S.D.0.05
Sakha 93
NPK0%
35.75
72.64
103.21
65.64
84.22
74.38
108.07
NPK0%
58.00 c
97.11a
NS
35.014***
13.003**
NS
NPK50%
54.92
82.10
49.49
72.47
31.96
82.50
50.21
NPK75%
57.13
108.62
90.14
84.44
47.81
130.32
128.11
NPK50%
80.37 bc
NPK100%
106.39
174.74
64.25
154.61
45.33
196.84
85.03
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
32.62
63.88
95.81
52.28
60.24
66.69
104.13
NPK75%
106.39 b
97.84a
NPK50%
58.05
105.97
82.56
73.14
26.00
113.79
96.03
NPK75%
61.83
141.96
129.61
98.83
59.85
168.01
171.74
NPK100%
145.14 a
NPK100%
88.61
150.16
69.46
123.57
39.46
166.19
87.55
Mean of Inoc.
61.91 c
112.51 a
90.65 b
124.83 a
Parameter
Salicylic Acid (mg/100g root fresh wt.) EC: average 5.3 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
33.10
48.91
47.74
42.87
29.51
55.36
67.22
NPK0%
42.14 c
91.42a
NS
23.330***
12.128***
***
NPK50%
45.56
79.45
74.40
59.44
30.47
99.69
118.84
NPK75%
59.25
134.68
127.32
107.42
81.31
160.75
171.33
NPK50%
77.22 b
NPK100%
74.91
153.53
104.96
119.63
59.70
188.15
151.17
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
32.97
38.26
16.05
39.48
19.73
46.17
40.04
NPK75%
123.41 a
99.76a
NPK50%
44.85
114.91
156.22
60.41
34.69
113.44
152.94
NPK75%
76.89
159.55
107.50
114.46
48.85
174.30
126.68
NPK100%
139.59 a
NPK100%
90.23
162.42
80.01
144.60
60.26
183.26
103.11
Mean of Inoc.
57.22 d
111.46 b
86.04 c
127.64 a
Parameter
Salicylic Acid (mg/100g root fresh wt.) EC: average 7.6 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
22.50
41.18
83.03
32.74
45.53
41.27
83.43
NPK0%
34.48 c
66.53 a
NS
13.41***
11.041***
NS
NPK50%
26.62
86.62
225.39
58.16
118.50
102.01
283.19
NPK75%
40.10
93.54
133.27
73.48
83.26
102.87
156.54
NPK50%
59.54 b
NPK100%
62.08
100.06
61.17
72.02
16.01
109.29
76.05
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
19.32
40.05
107.26
29.31
51.67
49.46
155.94
NPK75%
80.84 a
64.32a
NPK50%
28.43
68.32
140.34
38.82
36.56
67.37
136.99
NPK75%
43.23
100.32
132.05
65.72
52.00
127.44
194.76
NPK100%
86.84 a
NPK100%
67.87
108.53
59.91
71.93
5.98
138.23
103.66
Mean of Inoc.
38.77 c
78.49 a
55.27 b
89.16 a
Parameter
Salicylic Acid (mg/100g root fresh wt.) EC: average 10.5 dSm-1
Sakha 93
NPK0%
14.05
36.06
55.88
25.34
43.68
39.46
120.07
NPK0%
24.39 d
54.93a
5.640*
9.861***
5.916***
*
NPK50%
22.95
51.32
86.05
42.08
29.71
51.70
99.60
NPK75%
39.70
81.47
120.61
58.20
51.32
93.46
192.57
NPK50%
35.55 c
NPK100%
55.87
90.49
90.01
91.17
45.29
90.57
116.21
Gemmeza 9
NPK0%
14.18
22.11
156.74
20.38
80.37
32.22
180.95
NPK75%
60.88 b
42.75b
NPK50%
18.91
35.18
123.63
24.53
83.36
37.75
125.29
NPK75%
28.02
61.83
105.21
42.41
46.60
81.99
135.42
NPK100%
74.54 a
NPK100%
41.18
78.24
61.97
59.83
63.19
89.03
62.11
Mean of Inoc.
28.39 d
57.09 b
45.49 c
64.39 a
± % Increase or decrease to uninoculated (control) plants
Showed significant increases in shoot and root dry weights and root length compared to uninoculated plants under field conditions. The results also show that, the lowest values of Na contents (mg/kg) were observed under EC ≤4 dSm-1 for plants inoculated with G. intraradices and Biotol under NPK100% for Sakha 93 and Gemmeza 9. The increased photosynthetic pigments by mycorrhizal colonization in plants is due to the inhibition of Na+ transport, which leads to better functioning of photosynthetic machinery (Borde et al. 2010; García-Garrido and Ocampo, 2002). Ragab et al. (2008) reported that, when irrigation wheat plants with different levels of salinity led to an increase in the concentration of the sodium component of wheat plants, and decrease NPK uptake, 1000 grain wt. and grain yield compared to wheat plants growing in low salinity. Daughtry et al. (2000) and Bojović and Markovic (2009), indicated that, inoculated wheat plant Triticum aestivum with AM fungi significantly increased chlorophyll content compared to un-inoculated plants. Since mycorrhization increases the absorption of Mg++ in plants, the synthesis of chlorophyll increases in mycorrhizal plants. Increasing chlorophyll activity in AM-inoculated plants decreases Na+ level under salt stress. The results also show that, inoculation with the AM fungus and Biotol, significantly increased proline and salicylic acid content when compared to uninoculated ones under different levels of soil salinity. Proline accumulation is one of the natural means to adapt to environmental stress conditions. Proline is a non-toxic and good osmolyte and maintains the osmoregulation under salt stress (Rasool et al. 2013a, b). Kumar et al. (2011) reported that, wheat plant inoculated with Glomus mosseae contained increased proline levels compared to non inoculated plants. Salicylic acid (SA), a plant phenolic, is considered as a hormone like endogenous regulator, and its role in the defence mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses has been well characterized, (Szalai et al. 2009). It also plays an important role in plant growth and plant defense responses to pathogen attack local (hypersensitive response) and systemic acquired resistance, (Durner and Klessig 1996). Zhang et al. (2013) reported that, inoculated wheat plants with AM fungi significantly increased salicylic acid contents compared to non AM-inoculated plants. Wheat plants Inoculated with G. intraradices alone or G. intraradices + Biotol resulted high values of NPK uptake, grain yield and protein contents of wheat grains for both cultivars. Zhu et al. (2010) and Mardukhi et al. (2011) reported that, wheat plant inoculated with AM fungi significantly increased NPK uptake compared to non AM-inoculated wheat plants. Sari, et al. (2002) reported similar results in garlic plants. Douds et al. (2005) and Ortas et al. (2001) confirmed that the AM hyphae increase the total absorption surface in infected plants which improve its access of immobile elements such as P, Cu, Zn. Kumar et al. (2011) and Bojović and Marković (2009) showed that, inoculated wheat plant with AM fungi showed significant increase in 1000 grain weight and grain yield compared to un-inoculated plants. Mycorrhizal colonization can enhance K+ absorption under saline conditions (Sharifi et al. 2007; Zuccarini and Okurowska, 2008). Nia et al. (2012) reported that, wheat plants inoculated with two Azospirillum isolates increased salinity tolerance, the saline-adapted isolate significantly increased grain yield. Afzal and Bano (2008), indicated that, wheat plant Triticum aestivum inoculated with Rhizobium strains significantly increased in grain yield, P content and protein content compared to uninoculated plants. Richardson et al. (2009), showed that, plants inoculated of with Bacillus and Paenibacillus increased plant growth parameters compared to un-inoculated plants.
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