Farag, A., El-Shamy, E., Abd El-Rahman, H. (1999). Field Stability of Some Compounds Against Tetranychus Urticae Koch and Pectinophora Gossypiella (Saunders) on Cotton Plants. Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 28(1), 166-176. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2023.193130.1118
Abd El-Salam Abd El-Salam Farag; Emad Abd El-Ghafar El-Shamy; Hamdy Abd El-Rehim Abd El-Rahman. "Field Stability of Some Compounds Against Tetranychus Urticae Koch and Pectinophora Gossypiella (Saunders) on Cotton Plants". Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 28, 1, 1999, 166-176. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2023.193130.1118
Farag, A., El-Shamy, E., Abd El-Rahman, H. (1999). 'Field Stability of Some Compounds Against Tetranychus Urticae Koch and Pectinophora Gossypiella (Saunders) on Cotton Plants', Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 28(1), pp. 166-176. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2023.193130.1118
Farag, A., El-Shamy, E., Abd El-Rahman, H. Field Stability of Some Compounds Against Tetranychus Urticae Koch and Pectinophora Gossypiella (Saunders) on Cotton Plants. Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 1999; 28(1): 166-176. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2023.193130.1118
Field Stability of Some Compounds Against Tetranychus Urticae Koch and Pectinophora Gossypiella (Saunders) on Cotton Plants
1Plant Protection Research Institute,Agricultural Research Center,Giza,Egypt
2Deb. of Agric. Zoology and Nematology, Fac. of Agric., Al-Azhar Univ., Assiut, Egypt
3Plant Protection Research Institute,Agricultural Research Center,Giza,Egypt.
Abstract
The spider mite and pink bollworm are considered two of the most important pests attacking cotton plants and causing serious damage to leaves, flowers and bolls. Thus, the experiments were carried out at Sakha Agric. Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh governorate during the seasons 2020 and 2021. However, the field experiments used compounds were one insecticide, beta cyfluthrin; three biocides, emamectin benzoate, Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana and one plant oil, jasmine oil which were tested against the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lep: Noctuidae) using standardized method for assay. The highest effective compounds on T. urticae and P. gossypiella were emamectin benzoate (95.59 and 96.65 % reduction during the two seasons, respectively on T. urticae and 70.45 and 71.60 % reduction on P. gossypiella during the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively). Beta cyfluthrin and B. bassiana had a moderate activity on the two pests followed by B. thuringiensis. Jasmine oil had the least activity on the treated T. urticae and P. gossypiella (33.89 and 33.79 % reduction during the first season, respectively) and there were not significant differences between each compound and others during the two seasons. In laboratory trails, beta cyfluthrin was the most effective with LC50 2.61 and 1.45 mg / L 0n both adult and eggs of T. urticae, respectively followed by emamectin benzoate.While B. bassiana was of a moderate toxic with LC50 63300 and 44200 using dipping method. Beta cyfluthrin was the most toxic to P. gossypiella with LC50 2.99 mg / L. While B. bassiana was the low effective on P. gossypiella with LC50 64100 mg / L using the artificial diet treatment method. The obtained data indicated that biocides caused significant against the two pests and could be used as alternatives to pesticides in IPM.
The Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella and the two-spotted spider, Tetranychusurticae are two most important cotton pests that causes direct damage to cotton plant such as squares, flower buds, flowers and cotton boll which decrease cotton production of seed and oil Khan et al.(2007). Many cotton growers rely on the use of pesticides to the pest control. These compounds are harmful to the environment and accordingly, many researcher used some chemicals in agriculture to control pests that originally derived from microbial metabolites (Horikoshi et al. 2017). These kinds play very important role in suppressing populations of phytophagous mites and must be safeguarded. Many efforts have been undertaken to manage T. urticae problems in agricultural crops such as the application of new acaricides with the lower concentrations (Arbabi, 2007). These results can be supported with those obtained by several investigators. Ismail et al. (2006) indicated that abamectin was the most toxic compound against the egg stage of T.urticae with LC50 value of 2.88 ppm. Also, they indicated that cypermethrin was one of the most effective compounds on eggs of T.urticae. Moreover, Ismail (2009) found that cyhalothrin and abamectin have a special effect on eggs of T.urticae and considered the best compounds that have a special importance in integrated mite management, while the mineral oil Nat-1 was more toxic to egg stage of T.urticae than black cumin extract. Abamectin had the greatest effect on the adults (LC50 = 5.39mg) followed by chlorfenapyr (LC50= 106.51mg) after 1 day of application (Badawy, et al. 2022). Researchers thought that fungi use their products as well as mycotoxins as chemical defenses against different targets including insects and mites. For instance, mycotoxins such as aflatoxin and trichothecenes exhibited toxicity to many insect pests (Srivastava et al., 2009) Fungi and fungal metabolites showed a high toxicity to insects and mite pests; however, they showed low toxicity to non-target organisms (Ragavendran and Natarajan 2015). Thus, Ratnakar and Veeranna (2022) found that the incidence of larvae on bolls of B. thuringiensis showed significantly higher income was obtained with P. gossypiella, though were seemed until harvest. These corroborate the results of Verma et al. (2017) and Muttappa and patill (2019). The fungal isolate B. bassiana affected the mortality of Galleria mellonella larvae and achieved the high mortality as a biological control against larvae (Fathy et al., 2018). Boiassyed, B. bassiana as efficacy biocides against G. mellonella in the laboratory (Abdel-Raheem et al., 2016). Consequently, microbial metabolites may be promising resources in a novel pesticide development. Thus, the present investigations were performed to determine susceptibility of T. urticae and P. gossypiella to certain treatment under laboratory and field conditions. Thus, we had taken some points in the development of IPM, especially of some treatments in biological control program.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Tested compounds:
- Beta cyfluthrin (Blend-extra EW 10%) at 60ml / fed. obtained from Starchem Chemical, Egypt (Cuangdong Liwei Chemical CO., Itd. China, Exporter CO. of Tc).
- Avermectin derivative insecticide, Emamectin benzoate (Kor WG 5.7%) obtained from syngenta Co. and was applied at 60g/ fed
- Jasmine oil (95%) was provided by Central Agricultural Pesticides Laboratory-Natural oil was applied at 1L / fed.
- Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki, (protecto 9.4 % WP Contains 32000 IU/mg) as biocide, at the rate of 300mg/ fed, obtained from Plant Protection Research Institute.
- Beauveria bassiana biocides, Biossiana, 2.5 % WP (1×108 CFU1 /g). obtained from Production Unit, Plant Protection Research Institute (ARC), used as the rate of 250mg/ fed.
Field experiments:
Two experiments were performed at the farm of Sakha Agric. Research station, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt, during the successive seasons 2020 and 2021 in an area of 2100m2 which was divided into plots. Four replicates were designed for each compound. Each replicate with100m2 in completely randomized blocks design was used. All tested compounds were applied to evaluate their efficiency on spider mite, T. urticae larva and P gossypiella infesting cotton plants.. All tested compounds were applied at recommended rates using a knapsack sprayer with one nozzle. The volume of water used for diluting compounds was 200 liter/Fadden. Samples of 10 cotton leaves were randomly collected from each replicate before and after treatment at intervals of 2, 7 and 15 days for mites and transferred to laboratory for examination. While pink bollworm, P gossypiella, samples consisting of 20 green bolls were randomly collected from each replicate before and after treatment at intervals of one and two weeks after spray. The green bolls were brought to the laboratory for examination.
Laboratory trails
1-Mass rearing and toxicity of tested compounds to adult females and eggs of T. urticae.
Adults of the two-spotted spider mite, T. urticae field strain were obtained from unsprayed cotton fields at the farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station and brought to the laboratory for feeding on cotton plants planted in plastic pots. After two days, the females wandered over the cotton leaves and started eggs oviposit. Eggs, newly hatched nymphs and adults were used in the laboratory experiments as described by Dittrich (1962). All compounds were evaluated by the leaf disc dip technique with four concentrations of each treatment on discs of cotton plants (2cm diameter). Discs were dipped in the different concentrations for 20 seconds and left to dry. The leaf discs kept fresh by placing it on moisturized filter paper on a piece of wet cotton in Petri dish. Ten adults of T. urticae were transferred by means of a fine soft brush to each disc. Mortality counts were made 24 hours after treatment, according to the method by Sekeroglu, (1997). Red spider mite eggs were obtained by placing 10 adult females T. urticae on a cotton leaf disc placed upper side upon a water soaked cotton wool pad in Petri dish. Sufficient discs were set up to provide enough eggs for the following day's experiments. Eggs were never longer than 24 hours old at the start of an experiment. The discs attached with eggs were immersed in each chemical dilution on the test liquid for 20 seconds with gentle agitation. Untreated discs were immersed in distilled water. The tested eggs were kept together with untreated controls. To assay the residual effect of each tested chemical at LC50 level on adult mites, Egg deposition, egg-hatching, the method which was adopted by Farag (2011).
2- Mass rearing and toxicity of tested compounds against P. gossypiella larvae:
Active and healthy full grown larvae pink bollworm P. gossypiella were collected from infested cotton bolls at the end of cotton growing season. Five pairs of moths (male +female) were placed in wire capes with a piece of cotton wool saturated with a 10 % sugar solution to feed moths. Twisted paper oviposit eggs. The eggs were collected and placed in clean glass jars until hatching. The newly hatched larvae until reached to three instar larval (10 larvae) were brought to Petri dishes containing the artificial diet (5g) treated with the used compounds by adding recommended rates of each concentration as described by Abd El- Hafez et al. (1982). The Petri dishes were covered with fine and soft toilet paper below the glass cover to prevent larvae from escape, and that represent three replicates for every concentration as well as control (treated with water only) were reared in electrical incubation at constant conditions of 26± 1ºC and 70 ± 5% RH, on artificial diet according to the method by Deshpande and Joseph (1988).
Statistical analysis
The mortality Results were corrected using Abbott‚s formula (1925), and plotted on log dosage probit papers and according to Finney 1970. Failure of 95% confidence limits to overlap at a particular lethal concentration inducted a significant difference. The percentage reduction of infestation was calculated for each treatment according to Henderson and Tilton (1955).
Unhitched eggs
Egg mortality = × 100
N. of eggs in treatment
LC50 of least effect compound
Relative potency =
LC50 of tested compound
LC50 of standard compound
Toxicity index = × 100
LC50 of tested compound
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Field experiments
Efficiency of tested compounds against T. urticae and P. gossypiella
Results obtained in Table (1and 2) indicated that the activity of the recommended rates of beta cyfluthrin, emamectin benzoate, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and plant oil (jasmine oil) were assessed during field application for suppressing T. urticae and P. gossypiella larvae in cotton fields. The populations and the reduction % of T. urticae and P. gossypiella were calculated. The results obtained clarified the reduction % of T. urticae number in the cotton field after application with the used treatments during the two successive seasons. In the first season, it was observed that beta cyfluthrin activity against of the mite number after one day in initial application, one week and two weeks after treatment compared to control causing approximately 93.65, 94.97 and 96.69 %, respectively.
Emamectin benzoate indicated a gradual reduction in the number by 96.26 % post one week of treatment. After two weeks post application, increased reduction was 97.33 %. The other treatments resulted in decreased reduction % as; B. thuringiensis (27.94 %), B. bassiana (45, 39 %) and Jasmine oil (26.63 %) through the initial effect. One week after spraying B. bassiana showed a moderate reduction (67.45 %) followed, nearly, by B. thuringiensis (42.01 %) and jasmine oil (39.59 %).
However, in the second week after spraying, the reduction percentage decreased in B. thuringiensis (39.67 %) and Jasmine oil (35.47 %), but reduction % increases with B. bassiana (82.75 %). In the second season, there was no difference in the impact of treatment on T. urticae number, the present study illustrated that beta cyfluthrin achieved about (94.01 %), (96.27 %) and (97.82) reduction% after initial effect, one week and two week, respectively. Emamectin observed a 94.41 % reduction after initial effect post application. While the reduction % of 10.22 % was showed by B. thuringiensis after two weeks post used and B. bassiana gave 72.42 % reduction compared to the control. Mite was affected with the five compounds as their reduction % after 2 weeks were highest, and there were significant differences between the five treatments.
The present data were on line with that of Zandi-Sohani and Ramezani (2015) when evaluated the chemical composition of five lamiacase plant essential oils and their acaricidal activity against Tetranychussp (Acari: Tetranychidae). they demonstrated that all the tested essential oils have the ability to control T.turkestani and could be useful in the development of new agents for mite control (Tarikul 2019). All the pesticides showed the toxic effect on red spider mite in Tea and significantly reduced mite population in both laboratory and field conditions (Mamun et al., 2015). After 5 days post treatment culture filtrates of KF23, KF9, KF40, and KF45 results in 53.69, 73.83, 50.34, and 67.11% mortality, respectively. Similarly, the culture filtrates of B. bassiana and M. anisoplae highly reduced mite population (Yun et al.2017). The obtained results were relatively higher than mortality rates of HTCRMB isolated from Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher that only exhibited 55.90 % aganist T. urticae and citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora Ashmead, 9 days after application (Aghajanzadeh et al. 2006). The obtained results in Table 2 demonstrated that, the pink bollworm appeared the susceptibility to post treatment with recommended rate of some treatment during complete compounds used. Thus, treatments on these pest larvae after the first applications (initial kill, 7 days after spray) reduction % in the 1st season were 62.52, 43.43, 31.22, 28.58 and 26.46 % for emamectin benzoate, beta cyfluthrin, B. thuringiensis, B. bassiana, and Jasmine oil, respectively. While, in the 2nd season, were 72.92, 51.05, 46.95, 35.20 and 11.79 % reduction with emamectin benzoate, B. thuringiensis, beta cyfluthrin, B. bassiana and jasmine oil after applecation compared for untreated plot, respectively. There were significant differences between the five treatments. While the spray gave 74.89, 76.12, 60.54, 48.80 and 31.64 % reduction for beta cyfluthrin,emamectin, B. thuringiensis B. bassiana and Jasmine, respevtivly. These results agreed with Somaa (2021), the biocide caused reduction 25.87 % in level infestation after treatment of P. gossypiella while, cypermethrin resulted in 83.58 % reduction. Amer et al. (2020) found that B. thuringiensis was considered the best compound and caused a reduction in the infestation of P. gossypiella, but less then emamectin benzoate activity. There were significant differences between the compounds after use of the interaction pink bollworm in both two seasons, which led to increase reduction % especially after the third spray.
Table 1. Efficacy of different treatments on Tetranychus urticae infestad cotton plants
Treatment
Rates
N.
pre treatment
Days after application
Average
Overall average R.
%
Initial effect 1 day
1week
2 week
N
R%
N
R%
N
R%
2020
Beta cyfluthrin
60m/fed
182.53
12.50
93.65a
13.34 f
94.97b
9.21 f
96.69 a
11.68
95.10 a
E. benzoate
60g/100L
212.25
15.61
93.19a
11.52
96.26 a
8.64
97.33 a
11.92
95.59 a
B. thuringiensis
250g/100L
215.11
167.42
27.94 c
181.41
42.01 d
198.11
39.67 c
182.31
36.54 c
B. bassiana
250g/100L
190.40
112.31
45.39 b
90.1 1
67.45 c
50.12
82.75 b
84.18
65.19 b
Jasmine oil
1L/100L
214.65
170.11
26.63 cd
188.56
39.59 e
211.45
35.47 d
190.04
33.89 d
Untreated
-
216.28
233.61
-
314.50
-
330.15
-
315.75
-
2021
Beta cyfluthrin
60m/fed
191.87
14.53
94.01 a
10.56
96.27 a
4.21
97.82 a
9.73
96.03 a
E. benzoate
60g/100L
150.51
10.64
94.41 a
6.14 f
97.24 a
2.56
98.31 a
6.44
96.65 a
B. thuringiensis
250g/100L
210.45
187.11
29.70 c
175.65
43.65 c
191.01
10.22 c
184.59
33.95 c
B. bassiana
250g/100L
201.61
132.62
47.99 b
98.01
67.13 b
56.13
72.42 b
98.58
62.51 b
Jasmine oil
1L/100L
214.60
198.11
27.01 d
191.67
39.62 d
215.12
9.94 cd
201.66
25.52 d
Untreated
-
211.53
267.75
-
312.67
-
213.54
-
264.65
-
Table 2. Efficacy of different treatments on Pectinophora gossypiella infestad cotton bolls.
Treatment
Rates
N*.
before treatment
Days after application
Average
Overall average R.
%
First spray
Second** spray
Third spray
N
R
N
R
N
R
2020
Beta cyfluthrin
60m/fed
11.50
7.42
43.43 b
4.25
69.64 b
2.11
86.38 a
4.59
66.48 b
E. benzoate
60g/100L
14.62
6.25
62.52 a
4.99
71.74 a
4.01
77.10 b
5.08
70.45 a
B.thuringiensis
250g/100L
12.25
9.61
31.22 c
7.11
51.94 c
5.50
66.67 d
7.40
49.94 c
B. bassiana
250g/100L
14.30
11.65
28.58 d
8.91
48.40 d
5.00
74.04 c
8.52
50.34 c
Jasmine oil
1L/100L
13.65
11.45
26.46 e
11.64
29.38 e
10.01
45.55 e
11.03
33.79 d
Untreated
-
14.50
16.54
-
17.51
-
19.53
17.89
-
2021
Beta cyfluthrin
60m/fed
10.23
5.90
46.94 c
3.41
74.89 b
1.00
92.78 b
3.43
71.54 a
E. benzoate
60g/100L
12.65
6.73
72.92 a
4.01
76.12 a
2.12
87.62 c
4.28
71.60 a
B.thuringiensis
250g/100L
10.50
7.20
51.05 b
5.50
60.54 c
3.10
78.19 d
5.26
57.04 c
B. bassiana
250g/100L
9.30
6.55
35.20 d
6.32
48.80 d
4.11
97.37 a
5.66
60.45 b
Jasmine oil
1L/100L
10.43
10.00
11.79 d
9.32
31.64 e
9.32
34.33 e
9.54
25.92 d
Untreated
-
14.26
15.50
-
18.63
-
19.31
-
17.81
-
*Mean N. two examinations (7days and 15 days)- ** 15 days between each spray and another
Salama et al. (2013), found that B. thuringiensis gave the highest reduction % of P. gossypiella after three sprays. Also, the pathological effect of the B. thuringiensis was high efficacy on the second instar larvae. Amer, (2022), demonstrated that, pepper oil with gamma dose increases of the activity of B. thuringiensis against 1st instar larvae and egg (old 1 day) of p. gossypiella. Salah El- din et al. (2020) showed that jojoba oil was the most toxic compound on p. gossypiella. Also, application jojoba oil had higher increase in reduction % compared with the untreated Use of essential oil having insect effects and their importance them pesticides usage in pest suggested and save beneficial natural enemies and save environment. Therefore, using botanical insecticides in IPM program (Hikal et al., 2017) is recommended. Mirmoayedi et al., (2010) B. thuringiensis is most effective and powerful compound for controlling of the cotton bollworm.
Laboratory experiments
1- activity of tested compounds against T. urticae and P. gossypiella
The results presented in Table (3) reveal the relation between the percentage of reduction and concentrations of different compounds on adult female and eggs of T. urticae. The different treatments tested were of most variable in their efficacy. The data in this study showed that the efficacy of the used treatment against T. urticae using leaf dipping method. Beta cyfluthrin proved to be the most toxic insecticide (LC50 value = 2.61) against the adult of mite with Relative potency and Toxicity index of 24252.8 and 100.0, respectively.
Emamectin benaoate, B. thuringiensis and Jasmine oil allustrated insignificant differences among them, estimated LC50 value of 13.54, 6.25 and 718.78, respectively. Based on the confidence limits at 95 % overlap the LC50 value of B. bassiana (63300) was the least effective. It was also cleared after 48 h post treatment 1st instar larval with spores of B. bassiana fungus, which led to a high death rate and the observed of spores on the larvae (Fig. 1). El-Mesallamy et al. (2015) found that pepper oil has a highest efficacy against T. urticae and the low effect recorded with 1st instar larval of P. gossypiella. Results in Table (3) reported that the susceptibility of the eggs of T. urticae to the used treatment was varied. The LC50 value of beta cyfluthrin, emamectin benzoate, B. thuringiensis and jasmine oil was 1.45, 9.23, 4.23 and 312.65, respectively. B. bassiana inducted LC50 value of 44200. Hosny etal, (2010) indicated that cyhalothrin is the most effective compound tested on egg deposition, while black cumin extract has the least effect on egg deposition. Chlorfenapyr and Nat-1 are the best compounds that have a moderate effect on egg deposition of spider mite which give these compounds special importance in integrated mite management. Fungi and fungal metabolites exhibit a high toxicity to insects and mite pests. However, they show low toxicity to non-target organisms (Ragavendran and Natarajan 2015). Derbalah et al. (2013) evaluated the side effect of sublethal doses of
Table 3: Toxicity of different compounds to adult females and eggs of two- spotted spider mite T.urticae Koch
RP
(fold)
TI
Slope ± SD
95% CL
LC50
Treatments
Adult
24252.8
100
1.54±0.76
1.90-2.99
2.61
Beta cyfluthrin
4675.0
19.27
0.98±1.02
12.52-17.45
13.54
E. benzoate
10128
41.76
1.53±0.99
5.87-8.65
6.25
B. thuringiensis
1.00
412.30
0.89±0.79
61990-64125
63300
B. bassiana
88.06
363.11
1.08±1.69
666.77-878.07
718.78
Jasmine oil
Eggs
30482.7
100
0.89±1.26
1.2 3-1.89
1.45
Beta cyfluthrin
4788.7
15.70
1.22±0.99
6.78-9.68
9.23
E. benzoate
10449.1
34.27
1.65±1.08
2.89-5.65
4.23
B. thuringiensis
1.00
328.o5
1.09 ±1.22
38400 - 48100
44200
B. bassiana
141.3
463.77
0.95 ± 1.18
289.45 - 411.67
312.65
Jasmine oil
R.p. (Relative potency), T.i. Toxicity index
the tested treatments; cyhalothrin was the most effective compound against T. urticae with respect to egg deposition while black cumin extract was the least effective one. Also, Nasr and El-Kasser (2013) found that the pyrethroid compound cyhalothrin was the most effective compound on egg deposition against T. urticae,while Jojoba extract has the least effect.
Data in Table (4) showed that the average values of the most important experiments that were applicated and examined to suppress pink bollworm, P. gossypiella. These experiments indicated that the treatment; beta cyfluthrin and emamectin may have ability to burn the stems of cotton leaves by dipping, which leads to their increase effective, compared to other than the used compounds. LC50 value was the beta cyfluthrin was 2.99 ppm which falls within a larger space when taking confidence limits into consideration and Relative potency and Toxicity index were 21438.12 and 100.0, respectively. B. thuringiensis, emamectin and jasmine oil showed insignificant differences from each other, calculated the LC50 value of 6.76, 11,23 and 523.11, respectively.
Table 4: Susceptibility of Pectinophora gossypiella larvae to some compounds in corporated into artificial diet.
RP
(fold)
TI
Slope ± SD
95% CL
LC50
Treatments
21438.12
100
1.22 ± 0.89
2.45 - 3.81
2.99
Beta cyfluthrin
5707.92
26.62
1.09 ± 1.12
9.34 - 13.67
11.23
E. benzoate
9610.19
44.23
1.26. ±0.79
4.90 - 7.90
6.76
B.thuringiensis
1.00
466.45
1.79 ± 1.05
50200 - 75548
64100
B. bassiana
122.53
571.58
1.43 ± 1.12
400.01 - 622.11
523. 11
Jasmine oil
R.p. (Relative potency), T.i. Toxicity index
Biossiana (B. bassiana) was of decreased activity against P. gossypiella with LC50 value 64100ppm. It was also cleared after 48h post treatment 3rd instar larval with beta cyfluthrin, emamectin, B. thuringiensis, jasmine oil and spores of B. bassiana fungus, which led to a high death rate and the observed of spores on the larvae (Fig. 1). The present data are in similar with Alkhazraji and Majeed (2017) indicated that the eggs and 2nd instar larvae were more sensitive to the plant oil and the highest mortality percentage compared with 6th instar larvae, S. littoralis. Fergani and Refaei (2021) showed the B. bassiana isolated caused highest mortality % under laboratory conditions and could be recommended as effective biocontrol against S. littoralis, while Ullah et al.(2019)found that B. bassiana had insignificant effect against S. littoralis.
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