Radwan, F., gomaa, M., Fathallah Rehab, I., mahmoud, H. (2014). Response of Rice Crop to Convenential and Mechanical Cultivation Methods under N- fertilization Levels. Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 19(1), 28-37. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2014.160299
fathy ibrahim Radwan; mahmoud gomaa; Ibrahim Fathallah Rehab; hala mahmoud. "Response of Rice Crop to Convenential and Mechanical Cultivation Methods under N- fertilization Levels". Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 19, 1, 2014, 28-37. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2014.160299
Radwan, F., gomaa, M., Fathallah Rehab, I., mahmoud, H. (2014). 'Response of Rice Crop to Convenential and Mechanical Cultivation Methods under N- fertilization Levels', Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 19(1), pp. 28-37. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2014.160299
Radwan, F., gomaa, M., Fathallah Rehab, I., mahmoud, H. Response of Rice Crop to Convenential and Mechanical Cultivation Methods under N- fertilization Levels. Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches, 2014; 19(1): 28-37. doi: 10.21608/jalexu.2014.160299
Response of Rice Crop to Convenential and Mechanical Cultivation Methods under N- fertilization Levels
1plant production Dep. Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha) Alexandria University, Egypt
2Faculty of Agriculture saba basha, Alexandria University
Abstract
Two field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, at Abees region, Alexandria. Egypt during the two successive seasons of 2012 and 2013 to study the response of rice crop to convenential and mechanical cultivation methods under N- fertilization levels on the yield, its components and technological characters of sakha 101 variety. The experiment design was a split plot with three replicates. The main plots were occupied by nitrogen levels (40, 60 and 80 kg N/fed), while the subplots were consisted of two planting methods (manual transplanting and mechanical transplanting).The main results could be summarized as follows: Increasing nitrogen levels up to 80kg N/fed, significantly decreased plant height and significantly increased yield and its components and rice grain quality characters in the two planting methods while, these increases were higher in manual transplanting than mechanical transplanting in the two seasons. on the other hand, the rice production in manual transplanting per fed, increased by 41.80% comparing with mechanical transplanting.
INTRODUCTION Rice (Oryza sativa, L.) is one of the most important and leading food crops of the world and now is the major stable food of over half of the world population. More important, it is the stable food in area of high population density and fast population growth. The green revolution has enabled rice production to meet the demand of the growing population and most of the increased demand will be in developing countries. The demand for food grains in Egypt had been increased and will continue to increase with the increase in population and the rice in the standed of living. Rice cultivated are ranges from 0.50 to 0.60 million hectare (1.2 to 1.5 million fed). The average of rice productivity in 2007 season was 10.0 t/ha (4.2 t/fed) and total rice production was 6.0 million through increasing yield per unit area has been accomplished by some combined effects such as nitrogen fertilization and transplanting methods. Increasing nitrogen efficiency through the most important factors that limit productivity of rice (Salem et al., 2005). Also, rice cultivars may differ in their requirements of nitrogen levels to produce the maximum grain yield and the highest technological properties of rice grains (Ebaid and Ghanem, 2000). Planting methods play an important role in rice production. Transplanting rice manually is a higher demanding operation equaling intensive labour for few days in a season (El- Kasaby et at., 2002). Also, Abdou (1995) reported that the manual transplanting gave a rice production more than the mechanical transplanting. Also, Aref (1990) carried out comparative studies of different mechanization methods on rice production. This investigation aimed to study J. Adv. Agric. Res. (Fac. Agric. Saba Basha)
29 Vol. 19 (1), 2014 the effect on productivity of rice convenential and mechanical cultivation methods under N- fertilization levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS To achieve the aim of the present work, two field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba- Basha), Alexandria University, Egypt, during 2012 and 2013 seasons. The experiments were carried out to study the effect on the productivity of rice variety sakha 101 convenential and mechanical cultivation methods under N- fertilization levels. A split plot design with three replications was used, the main plots were occupied by nitrogen levels (40, 60 and 80 kg N/fed), while the subplots were consisted of two planting methods (manual transplanting and mechanical transplanting). 1- Manual transplanting The nursery area was well prepared and rice seeds at a rate of 40 kg/feddan were socked for 24 hours and incubated for 24 hours, then the seeds were handily broadcasted. Twenty five days old seedlings were transplanted at the rate of 4 seedling/hill adopting a spaces of 15 × 15 cm. 2- Mechnaical transplanting For transplanting rice, it is necessary to prepare the seedling, the paddy field and then transplanted the paddy field with rice seedling. Preparation of seedling To use the rice transplanting, it is necessary to get a health seedling through the nursery box. Nursery box It is fabricated from plastic, the inside dimensions of the nursery box are 58 cm length, 28cm width and 3cm depth. Seedling the nursery box For seedling the nursery box, the same stage as recommended by (rice Mechanization Center, Meet El- Deba, Agric. Research. Institute) and a Japanese textbook of farm machinery on the application of rice mechanical transplanting. Paddy field preparetion The field was plowed by using Behira Rau 7 Shares chisel plow, the plowing depth was 12 cm according to the recommendation of Abdel- Maksoud et al. (1994). The water was floated to an average depth of 3 cm, and the soil was compact about 24 hours after careful padding of its surface. Seedling For using the rice transplanting, the following conditions have been taken in this experiment. The height around 25cm length of root within 50mm, tiller within 2 as recommended by Ebaid et al. (2001). Transplanting mechanism for mat seedling The machine plants seedlings one by one by using separating time. Transferring the fixed quantity of the seedling on the platform traversely to right and left. When one cycle in finished and the mat seedling reaches the edge of the platform the seedling is sent out below by a longitudinal transferring mechanism and the plant form begins to save again. The seedling- scparting and planting mechanism makes an approximate elliptic motion at the extremity vis crank action by four links as shown in Fig (1). J. Adv. Agric. Res. (Fac. Agric. Saba Basha)
30 Vol. 19 (1), 2014 The stubbles are divided by times in order to plant the seedling. The tines press the seedling into the soil, by Yammer diesel engine instruction book, Agricultural machinery. 3- Nitrogen fertilization Three nitrogen levels (40, 60 and 80kg N/fed) as urea form (46% N) were applied 2/3 basal and corporate in to the dry soil before flooding and 1/3 at panicle initiation. Soil analysis Soil samples were collected from 0- 30cm depth from the experimental sites and the analysis is shown in Table (1) according to the method reported by Page et al. (1982). Other cultural practices were deas recommended in rice fields. Table (1): Some physical and chemical properties of the experimental soil in 2012 and 2013 seasons Soil properties Values 2012 2013 A- Particle size distribution % Sand Silt Clay Soil texture 14.30 42.00 43.40 Clay loam 14.20 42.70 43.10 Clay loam B- Chemical properties pH (1:1) EC (1:1), 1- Soluble cations (1:2) (cmol/kg soil) K+ Ca++ Mg++ Na+ 7.80 3.40 1.37 14.20 11.40 13.20 7.70 3.50 1.41 15.30 11.30 13.50 2- Soluble anions (1:2) (cmol/kg soil) CO- 3+ HCO- 3 CL SO- 4 2.80 19.60 12.30 2.90 20.10 12.50 Calcium carbonate % 6.70 6.90 Total nitrogen % 0.85 0.87 Available P (mg/kg) 3.80 3.70 Organic matter % 1.50 1.45 Data recorded: At harvest, plants of one square meter were taken from each plot and the following characters were recorded: Plant height, Panicle length, number of tillers/m2,number of panicles/m2, number of grains/panicle, number of filled grains/panicle, 1000- grain weight, grain and straw yield/fed and biological yield Guraded cm square meter of plants were the harvested manually and left three J. Adv. Agric. Res. (Fac. Agric. Saba Basha)
31 Vol. 19 (1), 2014 J. Adv. Agric. Res. (Fac. Agric. Saba Basha)
32 Vol. 19 (1), 2014 days for drying and biomass weight was taken, then mechanically threshed and grain yield was estimated and adjusted to 14% moisture content. Technological characters of grains Grains samples (250 gm) from each sub- plot was taken to determine some technological characters (Hullig %, Milling% and broken rice %). These technology tests were carried out at Rice Technology Trainining Center (RTTC), Alexandria. All data collected were subjected to statistical analysis of variance according to Gomez and Gomez (1984). The treatments average were compared using L.S.D test at 0.05 level of significant. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A- Yield and its components: Data in Tables (2 &3) showed that increasing nitrogen levels up to 80 kg N/fed, significantly increased all yield and its components except plant height was decreased by increasing nitrogen levels, this decrease due to nitrogen application delay leaves aging and increased root activity during grain filling and increase grain fertility which greatly increase grain yield. These results are in similar with Abdel- Rahman et al. (1990), Hassan et al. (1990) and Ebaid et al. (2001). This increase may be due to that increasing nitrogen supply minimized the inter and intra- specific competing, then increased the amounts of metabolites synthesized by rice plants. The evaluated planting methods exerted highly significant effects on all yield and its components except 1000- grain weight in both seasons Tables (2 &3). Manual transplanting produced the highest plant height (89.96 & 93.00 cm), panicle length (21.22 & 22.12 cm), number of tillers/m2 (519.67 & 633.78), number of panicles/m2 (513.89 & 627.22), No. of grains/panicle (1352.56), No. of filled grains/panicle (130.45), grain yield (3.92 & 5.24 t/fed), straw yield (7.12 & 10.25 t/fed) and biological yield (10.82 & 15.27 t/fed) than mechanical transplanting. These data are in agreement with those reported by Abdou (1995), Ebaid et al. (2001). The interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and planting methods were significant for yield and its components in both seasons. B- Technological characters: Data in Table (4) indicated the effect of nitrogen levels and planting methods on hulling %, milling% and broken rice %. Increasing nitrogen level up to 80 kg N/fed, significantly increased the technological grain characters (hulling % and milling %) in both seasons, as well as up to 60 kg N/fed, significant increase for broken rice % in both seasons. These results are in agreement with (Ebaid, 1995 and Ebaid et al., 2001). They reported that increasing nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the technological characters in rice plants grains. Manual transplant significantly increased these technological characters (hulling%, milling% and broken rice%) compared with the mechanical transplanting in both seasons. J. Adv. Agric. Res. (Fac. Agric. Saba Basha)
36 Vol. 19 (1), 2014 The interactions between nitrogen levels and planting methods were significant for technological characters (hulling % milling% and broken rice %) in both seasons (Table 4). C- Economic study Table (5) indicates the components of mechanical and manual transplanting cost. The rice production cost per feddan in manual transplanting increases by 47.5% comparing with the mechanical transplanting (Ebaid et al., 2001). Table 5: Economic study on mechanical and manual rice transplanting methods Variables Cost of mechanical transplanting L E/feddan Cost of manual transplanting L E/feddan grains nursery preparation and transplanting 800 1050 Permanent field preparation 120 120 Nitrogen fertilizer 594 594 Herbicides 60 60 Hand hoeing 250 250 Harvesting 340 1120 Total 2164 3194
References
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Gomez, K. A. and A. A. Gomez. 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural research 2nd . John Wiley & Sons. Inc., New York. Hassan, S. M., A. A. Abdel- Rahman and A. T. Badawi 1990. Optimum cultival practices for weed control in broadcast seeded rice. Proc. 8th Conf. Agron. Cairo Egypt., 15- 16 Wept. Vol. (110: 491- 507. Page, A. L., R. H. Miller and D. R. Keeney. 1982. Methods of soil ananlysis Part.2: chemical and microbiological properties 2nd Ed. ASSA. Midison Wise U.S.A. Salem, A. K. M., B. A. Zayed, A. G. Ahmed and A. A. Abou- Khalifa 2005. Effect of nitrogen, potash levels and transplanting regularity on rice crop productivity. Egypt. J. Agric. Res. 83 (5B): 447- 454.
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